Gaze behaviour and electrodermal activity: Objective measures of drivers’ trust in automated vehicles

•Gaze behaviour and EDA are reliable continuous measures of trust in automation.•Gaze behaviour and EDA, when combined, predict trust better than individually.•Automated vehicle behaviour does not need to be perfect, but predictable.•Unexpected system failures strongly and negatively impact drivers’...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Transportation research. Part F, Traffic psychology and behaviour Traffic psychology and behaviour, 2019-07, Vol.64, p.401-412
Main Authors: Walker, F., Wang, J., Martens, M.H., Verwey, W.B.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Automated driving
Automobile drivers
Drivers
Electric vehicles
Electrodermal Activity
Eye movement behaviour
Real time
Secondary task
Toll roads
Trust
Trust calibration
Trust in automation
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Summary:•Gaze behaviour and EDA are reliable continuous measures of trust in automation.•Gaze behaviour and EDA, when combined, predict trust better than individually.•Automated vehicle behaviour does not need to be perfect, but predictable.•Unexpected system failures strongly and negatively impact drivers’ trust. Studies show that drivers’ intention to use automated vehicles is strongly modulated by trust. It follows that their benefits are unlikely to be achieved if users do not trust them. To date, most studies of trust in automated vehicles have relied on self-reports. However, questionnaires cannot capture real-time changes in drivers’ trust, and are hard to use in applied settings. In previous work, we found evidence that gaze behaviour could provide an effective measure of trust. In this study we tested whether combining gaze behaviour with Electrodermal Activity could provide a stronger metric. The results indicated a strong relationship between self-reported trust, monitoring behaviour and Electrodermal Activity: The higher participants’ self-reported trust, the less they monitored the road, the more attention they paid to a non-driving related secondary task, and the lower their Electrodermal Activity. We also found evidence that combined measures of gaze behaviour and Electrodermal Activity predict self-reported trust better than either of these measures on its own. These findings suggest that such combined measures have the potential to provide a reliable and objective real-time indicator of driver trust.
ISSN:1369-8478
1873-5517
DOI:10.1016/j.trf.2019.05.021