Butyrate ameliorates allergic airway inflammation by limiting eosinophil trafficking and survival

• Published in: Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 2019-09, Vol.144 (3), p.764-776
• Main Authors: Theiler, Anna, Bärnthaler, Thomas, Platzer, Wolfgang, Richtig, Georg, Peinhaupt, Miriam, Rittchen, Sonja, Kargl, Julia, Ulven, Trond, Marsh, Leigh M., Marsche, Gunther, Schuligoi, Rufina, Sturm, Eva M., Heinemann, Akos
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Acetic acid; Acetylation; Adhesion; Allergens; allergic airway inflammation; Allergies; Animal models; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents - pharmacology; Anti-Inflammatory Agents - therapeutic use; Apoptosis; Apoptosis - drug effects; Asthma; Asthma - drug therapy; Asthma - genetics; Asthma - immunology; butyrate; Butyrates - pharmacology; Butyrates - therapeutic use; Calcium (mitochondrial); Calcium ions; Cell Movement - drug effects; Chemical compounds; Cytokines; Endothelium; Eosinophilia; eosinophils; Eosinophils - drug effects; Eosinophils - immunology; Eosinophils - physiology; Fatty acids; Female; Flow cytometry; Gastrointestinal tract; Gene Expression Regulation - drug effects; Histone deacetylase; Histones; Humans; Inflammation; Inflammatory diseases; Leukocyte migration; Leukocytes (eosinophilic); Lungs; Membrane potential; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mitochondria; Neutrophils; Ovalbumin; Propionic acid; Proteins; Pulmonary Eosinophilia - drug therapy; Pulmonary Eosinophilia - genetics; Pulmonary Eosinophilia - immunology; Respiratory tract; Respiratory tract diseases; Short-chain fatty acid; Software; Surface markers; Survival; Trichostatin A
• ISSN: 0091-6749; 1097-6825
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.05.002

Lung eosinophilia is a hallmark of asthma, and eosinophils are believed to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of allergic inflammatory diseases. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate, are produced in high amounts in the gastrointestinal tract by commensal bacteria and can be absorbed into the bloodstream. Although there is recent evidence that SCFAs are beneficial in allergic asthma models, the effect on eosinophils has remained elusive. The role of SCFAs was investigated in human eosinophil function and a mouse model of allergic asthma. Eosinophils were purified from self-reported allergic or healthy donors. Migration, adhesion to the endothelium, and eosinophil survival were studied in vitro. Ca2+ flux, apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential, and expression of surface markers were determined by using flow cytometry and in part by using real-time PCR. Allergic airway inflammation was assessed in vivo in an ovalbumin-induced asthma model by using invasive spirometry. For the first time, we observed that SCFAs were able to attenuate human eosinophils at several functional levels, including (1) adhesion to the endothelium, (2) migration, and (3) survival. These effects were independent from GPR41 and GPR43 but were accompanied by histone acetylation and mimicked by trichostatin A, a pan–histone deacetylase inhibitor. In vivo butyrate ameliorated allergen-induced airway and lung eosinophilia, reduced type 2 cytokine levels in bronchial fluid, and improved airway hyperresponsiveness in mice. These in vitro and in vivo findings highlight the importance of SCFAs, especially butyrate as a promising therapeutic agent in allergic inflammatory diseases. [Display omitted]