Reflections on the Lead and Copper Rule and Lead Levels in Flint's Water

Key Takeaways After the Flint water crisis, sampling programs were established to assess residential water lead levels. There have been differences in water lead levels for households with lead service lines versus those with copper service lines, and adding phosphate affects water lead levels. Sinc...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal - American Water Works Association 2019-09, Vol.111 (9), p.42-55
Main Authors: Masten, Susan J., Davies, Simon H., Haider, Syed W., McPherson, Calley R.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Copper
Households
Lakes
Lead content
Lead poisoning
Lines
Phosphates
Water
Water crises
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Summary:Key Takeaways After the Flint water crisis, sampling programs were established to assess residential water lead levels. There have been differences in water lead levels for households with lead service lines versus those with copper service lines, and adding phosphate affects water lead levels. Since Flint's return to treated Lake Huron water in 2016, 90th percentile water lead levels have decreased, but they're higher than that reported in 2005–2011.
ISSN:0003-150X
1551-8833
DOI:10.1002/awwa.1360