Quantification of Hyporheic Nitrate Removal at the Reach Scale: Exposure Times Versus Residence Times

• Published in: Water resources research 2019-11, Vol.55 (11), p.9808-9825
• Main Authors: Frei, S., Durejka, S., Le Lay, H., Thomas, Z., Gilfedder, B.S.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Agricultural watersheds; Biogeochemistry; Catchment area; Catchments; Computer simulation; Distribution; Exposure time distributions are derived from analytical residence time distributions; Flow paths; Fluxes; Hyporheic zone; Hyporheic zones; Lumped parameter modeling of hyporheic nitrate removal by applying exposure times; Mass; Mass balance; Mineral nutrients; Nitrate removal; Nitrates; Nitrogen removal; Nutrient removal; Oxic sediments; Oxygen; Parameter uncertainty; Power law; Radon isotopes; Removal; Rivers; Sediments; Streambeds; Using exposure times is likely to lead to more realistic estimates for nutrient removal
• ISSN: 0043-1397; 1944-7973
• DOI: 10.1029/2019WR025540

The rate of biogeochemical processing associated with natural degradation and transformation processes in the hyporheic zone (HZ) is one of the largest uncertainties in predicting nutrient fluxes. We present a lumped parameter model that can be used to quantify the mass loss for nitrate in the HZ operating at the scale of river reaches to the entire catchments. The model is based on using exposure times (ET) to account for the effective timescales of reactive transport in the HZ. Reach scale ET distributions are derived by removing the portion of hyporheic residence times (RT) associated with flow through the oxic zone. The model was used to quantify nitrate removal for two scenarios: (1) a 100 m generic river reach and (2) a small agricultural catchment in Brittany (France). For the field site, hyporheic RT were derived from measured in‐stream 222Rn activities and mass balance modeling. Simulations were carried out using different types of RT distributions (exponential, power law, and gamma‐type) for which ET were derived. Mass loss of nitrate in the HZ for the field site ranged from 0 to 0.45 kg day−1 depending on the RT distribution and the availability of oxygen in the streambed sediments. Simulations with power law ET distribution models only show very little removal of nitrate due to the heavy weighting toward shorter flow paths that are confined to the oxic sediments. Based on the simulation results, we suggest that using ET will likely lead to more realistic estimates for nutrient removal in river and stream networks. Key Points Lumped parameter modeling of hyporheic nitrate removal by applying the exposure time concept Exposure time distributions are derived from analytical residence time distributions and reaction kinetics for hyporheic oxygen consumption Using exposure times rather than residence times is likely to lead to more realistic estimates for nutrient removal in the hyporheic zone