Tibetan Plateau: An evolutionary junction for the history of modern biodiversity

• Published in: Science China. Earth sciences 2020-02, Vol.63 (2), p.172-187
• Main Authors: Deng, Tao, Wu, Feixiang, Zhou, Zhekun, Su, Tao
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Ailanthus; Anabantidae; Animals; Arctic zone; Ascent; Biodiversity; Biological effects; Biological evolution; Biota; Cenozoic; Dispersal; Dispersion; Distribution patterns; Earth and Environmental Science; Earth Sciences; Endemism; Environmental changes; Environmental effects; Eocene; Evolution; Fauna; Fish; Fossils; Freshwater; Freshwater fish; Freshwater fishes; Ice ages; Ice environments; Inland water environment; Mammals; Plateaus; Pliocene; Predators; Remote regions; Research Paper; Sheep; Spatial distribution; Tectonics; Temporal distribution; Tropical climate; Uplift
• ISSN: 1674-7313; 1869-1897
• DOI: 10.1007/s11430-019-9507-5

Holding particular biological resources, the Tibetan Plateau is a unique geologic-geographic-biotic interactively unite and hence play an important role in the global biodiversity domain. The Tibetan Plateau has undergone vigorous environmental changes since the Cenozoic, and played roles switching from “a paradise of tropical animals and plants” to “the cradle of Ice Age mammalian fauna”. Recent significant paleontological discoveries have refined a big picture of the evolutionary history of biodiversity on that plateau against the backdrop of major environmental changes, and paved the way for the assessment of its far-reaching impact upon the biota around the plateau and even in more remote regions. Here, based on the newly reported fossils from the Tibetan Plateau which include diverse animals and plants, we present a general review of the changing biodiversity on the Tibetan Plateau and its influence in a global scale. We define the Tibetan Plateau as a junction station of the history of modern biodiversity, whose performance can be categorized in the following three patterns: (1) Local origination of endemism; (2) Local origination and “Out of Tibet”; (3) Intercontinental dispersal via Tibet. The first pattern is exemplified by the snow carps, the major component of the freshwater fish fauna on the plateau, whose temporal distribution pattern of the fossil schizothoracines approximately mirrors the spatial distribution pattern of their living counterparts. Through ascent with modification, their history reflects the biological responses to the stepwise uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. The second pattern is represented by the dispersal history of some mammals since the Pliocene and some plants. The ancestors of some Ice Age mammals, e.g., the wholly rhino, Arctic fox, and argali sheep first originated and evolved in the uplifted and frozen Tibet during the Pliocene, and then migrated toward the Arctic regions or even the North American continent at beginning of the Ice Age; the ancestor of pantherines (big cats) first rose in Tibetan Plateau during the Pliocene, followed by the disperse of its descendants to other parts of Asia, Africa, North and South America to play as top predators of the local ecosystems. The early members of some plants, e.g., Elaeagnaceae appeared in Tibet during the Late Eocene and then dispersed and were widely distributed to other regions. The last pattern is typified by the history of the tree of heaven ( Ailanthus ) and climbi