Early Substance Use in the Pathway From Childhood Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) to Young Adult Substance Use: Evidence of Statistical Mediation and Substance Specificity

• Published in: Psychology of addictive behaviors 2020-03, Vol.34 (2), p.281-292
• Main Authors: Howard, Andrea L., Kennedy, Traci M., Mitchell, John T., Sibley, Margaret H., Hinshaw, Stephen P., Arnold, L. Eugene, Roy, Arunima, Stehli, Annamarie, Swanson, James M., Molina, Brooke S. G.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; Alcohol Use; At risk populations; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity - epidemiology; Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Cannabis Use; Child; Childhood; Childhood Development; Cigarettes; Clinical trials; Comorbidity; Conduct disorder; Drinking behavior; Drug abuse; Drug Usage; Drug use; Emerging Adulthood; Female; Human; Humans; Male; Marijuana; Mediation; Multiple drugs; Oppositional defiant disorder; Randomized Controlled Trials; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Risk Factors; Risk reduction; Self-Report; Smoking; Substance abuse; Substance-Related Disorders - epidemiology; Test Construction; Tobacco Smoking; Vulnerability; Young Adult; Young adults
• ISSN: 0893-164X; 1939-1501
• DOI: 10.1037/adb0000542

This study tested whether early and developmentally atypical substance use mediates risk for adult substance use among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and whether that risk is substance-specific. Participants were children with ADHD previously enrolled in a randomized controlled trial (RCT), and a demographically similar non-ADHD group, assessed at 2 through 16 years after the original RCT baseline. Self-reports of heavy drinking, marijuana use, daily smoking, and other illicit drug use were collected at follow-ups to establish atypically early and frequent use. Models estimated statistically mediated effects of childhood ADHD on adult substance use via early substance involvement, with planned comparisons to evaluate substance specificity. Results supported the mediation hypothesis, showing that childhood ADHD was associated with more frequent adult substance use via early substance involvement for marijuana, cigarettes, illicit drugs, and to a lesser extent, alcohol. Mediation was not escalated by comorbid childhood conduct disorder or oppositional defiant disorder except for early use of nonmarijuana illicit drugs. Substance-specificity in the mediational pathway was largely absent except for cigarette use, where ADHD-related early smoking most strongly predicted adult daily smoking. Findings from this study provide new evidence that atypically early substance use associated with childhood ADHD signals important cross-drug vulnerability by early adulthood, but cigarette use at a young age is especially associated with increased risk for habitual (daily) smoking specifically. Efforts to prevent, delay, or reduce substance experimentation should occur early and focus on factors relevant to multiple drugs of abuse in this at-risk population.