A Graphenic Biosensor for Real-Time Monitoring of Urea During Dialysis

A patient at the fifth stage of chronic kidney disease usually needs dialysis or transplantation. The adequacy of dialysis can be assessed by the dimensionless parameter Kt/V , which depends on the concentration of urea in the blood. Kt/V is usually measured before and after treatment, or by an indi...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:IEEE sensors journal 2020-05, Vol.20 (9), p.4571-4578
Main Authors: Bonini, Andrea, Vivaldi, Federico Maria, Herrera, Elisa, Melai, Bernardo, Kirchhain, Arno, Sajama, Noemi Violeta Poma, Mattonai, Marco, Caprioli, Raffaele, Lomonaco, Tommaso, Francesco, Fabio Di, Salvo, Pietro
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
4-amino benzoic acid
Adequacy
Ammonia
Benzoic acid
Biosensors
Carbon dioxide
chronic kidney failure
Cleaning
Dialysis
Dispersion
Electrodes
Enzymatic biosensor
Graphene
Hemodialysis
Kidney
Kidney diseases
Monitoring
Real time
reduced graphene oxide
Response time
Telemedicine
Transplantation
urea
Ureas
urease
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Summary:A patient at the fifth stage of chronic kidney disease usually needs dialysis or transplantation. The adequacy of dialysis can be assessed by the dimensionless parameter Kt/V , which depends on the concentration of urea in the blood. Kt/V is usually measured before and after treatment, or by an indirect measurement of dialysis fluid conductivity. For the real-time monitoring of the urea concentration during dialysis, this paper proposes a disposable biosensor that combines a pH sensitive reduced graphene oxide layer functionalized with 4-amino benzoic acid and urease. Urease is immobilized on reduced graphene oxide and catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea into carbon dioxide and ammonia. This catalysis increases the pH value locally and elicits a sensor response. Urea concentration was assessed in the plasma of five dialyzed patients using a potentiometric measurement. The response time was 120 s and the error was 6 ± 3% compared with standard clinical laboratory analysis.
ISSN:1530-437X
1558-1748
DOI:10.1109/JSEN.2020.2966456