Exploiting the Convergence of Evidence in Satellite Data for Advanced Weather Index Insurance Design

• Published in: Weather, climate, and society climate, and society, 2019-01, Vol.11 (1), p.65-93
• Main Authors: Enenkel, Markus, Osgood, Daniel, Anderson, Martha, Powell, Bristol, Mccarty, Jessica, Neigh, Christopher, Carroll, Mark, Wooten, Margaret, Husak, Greg, Hain, Christopher, Brown, Molly
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Agricultural drought; Agricultural production; Agriculture; Anomalies; Atmospheric precipitations; Case studies; Climate; Climate change; Climatology; Correlation coefficient; Correlation coefficients; Datasets; Drought; Drought conditions; Drought index; Earth Resources And Remote Sensing; Environmental hazards; Estimates; Farmers; Hydrologic cycle; Hydrologic studies; Hydrological cycle; Hydrology; Independent variables; Information sources; Insurance; Normalized difference vegetative index; Precipitation; Precipitation estimation; Rain; Rainfall; Rainfall climatology; Resampling; Resolution; Satellite data; Satellites; Seasons; Small farms; Soil; Soil moisture; Soil stresses; Soils; Spatial resolution; Vegetation; Vegetation index; Vigor; Water shortages; Weather; Weather index
• ISSN: 1948-8327; 1948-8335
• DOI: 10.1175/WCAS-D-17-0111.1

The goal of drought-related weather index insurance (WII) is to protect smallholder farmers against the risk of weather shocks and to increase their agricultural productivity. Estimates of precipitation and vegetation greenness are the two dominant satellite datasets. However, ignoring additional moisture- and energy-related processes that influence the response of vegetation to rainfall leads to an incomplete representation of the hydrologic cycle. This study evaluates the added value of considering multiple independent satellite-based variables to design, calibrate, and validate weather insurance indices on the African continent. The satellite data include two rainfall datasets, soil moisture, the evaporative stress index (ESI), and vegetation greenness. We limit artificial advantages by resampling all datasets to the same spatial (0.25°) and temporal (monthly) resolution, although datasets with a higher spatial resolution might have an added value, if considered as the single source of information for localized applications. A higher correlation coefficient between the moisture-focused variables and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), an indicator for vegetation vigor, provides evidence for the datasets’ capability to capture agricultural drought conditions on the ground. The Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS) rainfall dataset, soil moisture, and ESI show higher correlations with the (lagged) NDVI in large parts of Africa, for different land covers and various climate zones, than the African Rainfall Climatology, version 2 (ARC2), rainfall dataset, which is often used in WII. A comparison to drought years as reported by farmers in Ethiopia, Senegal, and Zambia indicates a high “hit rate” of all satellite-derived anomalies regarding the detection of severe droughts but limitations regarding moderate drought events.