Accelerating Reactive Transport Modeling: On-Demand Machine Learning Algorithm for Chemical Equilibrium Calculations

• Published in: Transport in porous media 2020-06, Vol.133 (2), p.161-204
• Main Authors: Leal, Allan M. M., Kyas, Svetlana, Kulik, Dmitrii A., Saar, Martin O.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Algorithms; Civil Engineering; Classical and Continuum Physics; Computational fluid dynamics; Computer simulation; Computing costs; Earth and Environmental Science; Earth Sciences; Equilibrium; Finite element method; Fluid flow; Geotechnical Engineering & Applied Earth Sciences; Hydrogeology; Hydrology/Water Resources; Industrial Chemistry/Chemical Engineering; Iterative methods; Iterative solution; Machine learning; Nonlinear equations; Simulation; Training
• ISSN: 0169-3913; 1573-1634
• DOI: 10.1007/s11242-020-01412-1

During reactive transport modeling, the computing cost associated with chemical equilibrium calculations can be 10 to 10,000 times higher than that of fluid flow, heat transfer, and species transport computations. These calculations are performed at least once per mesh cell and once per time step, amounting to billions of them throughout the simulation employing high-resolution meshes. To radically reduce the computing cost of chemical equilibrium calculations (each requiring an iterative solution of a system of nonlinear equations), we consider an on-demand machine learning algorithm that enables quick and accurate prediction of new chemical equilibrium states using the results of previously solved chemical equilibrium problems within the same reactive transport simulation. The training operations occur on-demand, rather than before the start of the simulation when it is not clear how many training points are needed to accurately and reliably predict all possible chemical conditions that may occur during the simulation. Each on-demand training operation consists of fully solving the equilibrium problem and storing some key information about the just computed chemical equilibrium state (which is used subsequently to rapidly predict similar states whenever possible). We study the performance of the on-demand learning algorithm, which is mass conservative by construction, by applying it to a reactive transport modeling example and achieve a speed-up of one or two orders of magnitude (depending on the activity model used). The implementation and numerical tests are carried out in Reaktoro ( reaktoro.org ), a unified open-source framework for modeling chemically reactive systems.