Assessment of kidney health and exposure to mixture pollutants in the Mexican indigenous population

• Published in: Environmental science and pollution research international 2020-09, Vol.27 (27), p.34557-34566
• Main Authors: Díaz de León-Martínez, Lorena, Ortega-Romero, Manolo, Grimaldo-Galeana, José Moisés, Barbier, Olivier, Vargas-Berrones, Karla, García-Arreola, María Elena, Rodriguez-Aguilar, Maribel, Flores-Ramírez, Rogelio
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Aluminum; Aquatic Pollution; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution; Biomarkers; Biomedical materials; Chromium; Copper; Cystatin C; Damage; Earth and Environmental Science; Ecotoxicology; Environment; Environmental Chemistry; Environmental Health; Environmental science; Evaluation; Exposure; Gelatinase; Hippuric acid; Indigenous peoples; Iron; Kidneys; Lead; Lipocalin; Liquid chromatography; Lithium; Manganese; Metals; Molybdenum; Native peoples; Nickel; Organs; Osteopontin; Pollutants; Population; Proteins; Research Article; Retinol-binding protein; Selenium; Tin; Toluene; Toxins; Ultraviolet radiation; Vitamin A; Waste Water Technology; Water Management; Water Pollution Control; Zinc
• ISSN: 0944-1344; 1614-7499
• DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09619-x

The indigenous population is one of the most vulnerable to suffer from contaminated environments. One of the target organs to suffer early deterioration from exposure to toxins is the kidney. The objective of this article was to evaluate biomarkers of exposure to organic and inorganic toxins and biomarkers of early kidney damage in urine from an indigenous Tenek population in Mexico. The biomarkers of exposure were Li, Be, Al, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Sn, Ba, and Pb evaluated by ICP-MS and hippuric acid for toluene exposure evaluated by UV-coupled with liquid chromatography; the biomarkers of kidney damage were cystatin C (Cys-C), osteopontin (OPN), retinol-binding protein-4 (RPB-4), and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL). Thirty-one urine samples were obtained from indigenous people; 16, 42, 45.1, and 45.2% of the population exceeded the reference values for Pb, Zn, As, and hippuric acid respectively. Our results demonstrate significant correlations between the metals tested and the proteins associated with renal damage; Cys-C, OPN, and RPB4 showed a significant correlation with Li, B, and Mo, as well as hippuric acid in the case of Cys-C and Zn in OPN and RPB-4; NGAL did not present significant correlations with any of the pollutants of the study. This pilot study contributes to the evidence of great inequity in health associated to environmental pollution matters faced by indigenous people and addresses the need of initiatives for mitigation under the perspective that health is a fundamental human right.