Gas Component Transport Across the Soil‐Atmosphere Interface for Gases of Different Density: Experiments and Modeling

• Published in: Water resources research 2020-09, Vol.56 (9), p.n/a
• Main Authors: Bahlmann, L. M., Smits, K. M., Heck, K., Coltman, E., Helmig, R., Neuweiler, I.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Advection; Aerodynamics; Atmosphere; Atmospheric models; Carbon dioxide; Computational fluid dynamics; Concentration gradient; Density; density effects; Environmental studies; Flow pattern; Fluxes; Free flow; gas component transport; Gas exchange; Gas transport; Gases; Helium; numerical modeling; Porous media; Sand; Soil; Soil layers; Soil surfaces; Soils; soil‐atmosphere interface; Surface wind; Tracers; Transport; Turbulence; Water pollution; Wind effects; Wind profiles; Wind speed; Wind tunnels; Wind velocities; wind‐induced transport
• ISSN: 0043-1397; 1944-7973
• DOI: 10.1029/2020WR027600

We investigate the influence of near‐surface wind conditions on subsurface gas transport and on soil‐atmosphere gas exchange for gases of different density. Results of a sand tank experiment are supported by a numerical investigation with a fully coupled porous medium‐free flow model, which accounts for wind turbulence. The experiment consists of a two‐dimensional bench‐scale soil tank containing homogeneous sand and an overlying wind tunnel. A point source was installed at the bottom of the tank. Gas concentrations were measured at multiple horizontal and vertical locations. Tested conditions include four wind velocities (0.2/1.0/2.0/2.7 m/s), three different gases (helium: light, nitrogen: neutral, and carbon dioxide: heavy), and two transport cases (1: steady‐state gas supply from the point source; 2: transport under decreasing concentration gradient, subsequent to termination of gas supply). The model was used to assess flow patterns and gas fluxes across the soil surface. Results demonstrate that flow and transport in the vicinity of the surface are strongly coupled to the overlying wind field. An increase in wind velocity accelerates soil‐atmosphere gas exchange. This is due to the effect of the wind profile on soil surface concentrations and due to wind‐induced advection, which causes subsurface horizontal transport. The presence of gases with pronounced density difference to air adds additional complexity to the transport through the wind‐affected soil layers. Wind impact differs between tested gases. Observed transport is multidimensional and shows that heavy as well as light gases cannot be treated as inert tracers, which applies to many gases in environmental studies. Key Points We assess the effect of near‐surface wind on the transport of gas components with different densities in fine sand Laboratory experiments are complemented with a fully coupled porous medium‐free flow model An increase in wind velocity accelerates soil‐atmosphere gas exchange. However, the effect differs depending on the gas density