Loading…
Event-Based Time Distribution Patterns, Return Levels, and Their Trends of Extreme Precipitation across Indus Basin
This study presented the spatio-temporal characteristics of extreme precipitation events in the Northern Highlands of Pakistan (NHPK). Daily precipitation observations of 30 in situ meteorological stations from 1961 to 2014 were used to estimate the 11 extreme precipitation indices. Additionally, tr...
Saved in:
Published in: | Water (Basel) 2020-12, Vol.12 (12), p.3373 |
---|---|
Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Subjects: | |
Citations: | Items that this one cites Items that cite this one |
Online Access: | Get full text |
Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
cited_by | cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c292t-e1814977b9e9625dfe8f456b846acc708018d4d304b78fc94577c15fe5d82b633 |
---|---|
cites | cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c292t-e1814977b9e9625dfe8f456b846acc708018d4d304b78fc94577c15fe5d82b633 |
container_end_page | |
container_issue | 12 |
container_start_page | 3373 |
container_title | Water (Basel) |
container_volume | 12 |
creator | Zaman, Muhammad Ahmad, Ijaz Usman, Muhammad Saifullah, Muhammad Anjum, Muhammad Naveed Khan, Muhammad Imran Uzair Qamar, Muhammad |
description | This study presented the spatio-temporal characteristics of extreme precipitation events in the Northern Highlands of Pakistan (NHPK). Daily precipitation observations of 30 in situ meteorological stations from 1961 to 2014 were used to estimate the 11 extreme precipitation indices. Additionally, trends in time distribution patterns (TDPs) and return periods were also investigated for event based extreme precipitations (EEP). Results found that the precipitation events with an amount of 160–320 mm and with a concentration ratio of 0.8–1.0 and a duration of 4–7 consecutive days were dominant. The frequency of heavy, very heavy and extremely heavy precipitation days decreased, whereas the frequency of wet, very wet and extremely wet days increased. Most of the indices, generally, showed an increasing trend from the northeast to middle parts. The extreme precipitation events of the 20 and 50-year return period were more common in the western and central areas of NHPK. Moreover, the 20 and 50-year return levels depicted higher values (up to 420 mm) for an event duration with all daily precipitation extremes dispersed in the first half (TDP1) in the Chitral, Panjkora and Jhelum Rivers basins, whilst the maximum values (up to 700 mm) for an event duration with all daily precipitation extremes dispersed in the second half (TDP2) were observed in the eastern part of the NHPK for 20-year and eastern and south-west for 50-year, respectively. |
doi_str_mv | 10.3390/w12123373 |
format | article |
fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_journals_2467399420</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2467399420</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c292t-e1814977b9e9625dfe8f456b846acc708018d4d304b78fc94577c15fe5d82b633</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNpNkE9LAzEQxYMoWGoPfoOAJ8HV_NtNctRatbBgkXpesruzmNJma5Kt-u2NrYhzmRn48d7MQ-ickmvONbn5oIwyziU_QiNGJM-EEPT433yKJiGsSCqhlcrJCIXZDlzM7kyAFi_tBvC9DdHbeoi2d3hhYgTvwhV-gTh4h0vYwTqtxiX8DazHSw-uDbjv8OwzekgKCw-N3dpo9hKm8X0IeO7aIeDkY90ZOunMOsDkt4_R68NsOX3KyufH-fS2zBqmWcyAKiq0lLUGXbC87UB1Ii9qJQrTNJIoQlUrWk5ELVXXaJFL2dC8g7xVrC44H6OLg-7W9-8DhFit-vRDsqyYKCTXWjCSqMsDtb_TQ1dtvd0Y_1VRUv3EWv3Fyr8B7P9paQ</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2467399420</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Event-Based Time Distribution Patterns, Return Levels, and Their Trends of Extreme Precipitation across Indus Basin</title><source>Publicly Available Content (ProQuest)</source><creator>Zaman, Muhammad ; Ahmad, Ijaz ; Usman, Muhammad ; Saifullah, Muhammad ; Anjum, Muhammad Naveed ; Khan, Muhammad Imran ; Uzair Qamar, Muhammad</creator><creatorcontrib>Zaman, Muhammad ; Ahmad, Ijaz ; Usman, Muhammad ; Saifullah, Muhammad ; Anjum, Muhammad Naveed ; Khan, Muhammad Imran ; Uzair Qamar, Muhammad</creatorcontrib><description>This study presented the spatio-temporal characteristics of extreme precipitation events in the Northern Highlands of Pakistan (NHPK). Daily precipitation observations of 30 in situ meteorological stations from 1961 to 2014 were used to estimate the 11 extreme precipitation indices. Additionally, trends in time distribution patterns (TDPs) and return periods were also investigated for event based extreme precipitations (EEP). Results found that the precipitation events with an amount of 160–320 mm and with a concentration ratio of 0.8–1.0 and a duration of 4–7 consecutive days were dominant. The frequency of heavy, very heavy and extremely heavy precipitation days decreased, whereas the frequency of wet, very wet and extremely wet days increased. Most of the indices, generally, showed an increasing trend from the northeast to middle parts. The extreme precipitation events of the 20 and 50-year return period were more common in the western and central areas of NHPK. Moreover, the 20 and 50-year return levels depicted higher values (up to 420 mm) for an event duration with all daily precipitation extremes dispersed in the first half (TDP1) in the Chitral, Panjkora and Jhelum Rivers basins, whilst the maximum values (up to 700 mm) for an event duration with all daily precipitation extremes dispersed in the second half (TDP2) were observed in the eastern part of the NHPK for 20-year and eastern and south-west for 50-year, respectively.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2073-4441</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2073-4441</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/w12123373</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Climate change ; Dispersion ; Floods ; Precipitation ; Rivers ; Topography ; Trends</subject><ispartof>Water (Basel), 2020-12, Vol.12 (12), p.3373</ispartof><rights>2020. This work is licensed under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c292t-e1814977b9e9625dfe8f456b846acc708018d4d304b78fc94577c15fe5d82b633</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c292t-e1814977b9e9625dfe8f456b846acc708018d4d304b78fc94577c15fe5d82b633</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-1105-2343 ; 0000-0002-7219-8533 ; 0000-0003-2983-1628 ; 0000-0002-8058-6472</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/2467399420/fulltextPDF?pq-origsite=primo$$EPDF$$P50$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/2467399420?pq-origsite=primo$$EHTML$$P50$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,25753,27924,27925,37012,44590,75126</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Zaman, Muhammad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ahmad, Ijaz</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Usman, Muhammad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Saifullah, Muhammad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Anjum, Muhammad Naveed</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Khan, Muhammad Imran</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Uzair Qamar, Muhammad</creatorcontrib><title>Event-Based Time Distribution Patterns, Return Levels, and Their Trends of Extreme Precipitation across Indus Basin</title><title>Water (Basel)</title><description>This study presented the spatio-temporal characteristics of extreme precipitation events in the Northern Highlands of Pakistan (NHPK). Daily precipitation observations of 30 in situ meteorological stations from 1961 to 2014 were used to estimate the 11 extreme precipitation indices. Additionally, trends in time distribution patterns (TDPs) and return periods were also investigated for event based extreme precipitations (EEP). Results found that the precipitation events with an amount of 160–320 mm and with a concentration ratio of 0.8–1.0 and a duration of 4–7 consecutive days were dominant. The frequency of heavy, very heavy and extremely heavy precipitation days decreased, whereas the frequency of wet, very wet and extremely wet days increased. Most of the indices, generally, showed an increasing trend from the northeast to middle parts. The extreme precipitation events of the 20 and 50-year return period were more common in the western and central areas of NHPK. Moreover, the 20 and 50-year return levels depicted higher values (up to 420 mm) for an event duration with all daily precipitation extremes dispersed in the first half (TDP1) in the Chitral, Panjkora and Jhelum Rivers basins, whilst the maximum values (up to 700 mm) for an event duration with all daily precipitation extremes dispersed in the second half (TDP2) were observed in the eastern part of the NHPK for 20-year and eastern and south-west for 50-year, respectively.</description><subject>Climate change</subject><subject>Dispersion</subject><subject>Floods</subject><subject>Precipitation</subject><subject>Rivers</subject><subject>Topography</subject><subject>Trends</subject><issn>2073-4441</issn><issn>2073-4441</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>PIMPY</sourceid><recordid>eNpNkE9LAzEQxYMoWGoPfoOAJ8HV_NtNctRatbBgkXpesruzmNJma5Kt-u2NrYhzmRn48d7MQ-ickmvONbn5oIwyziU_QiNGJM-EEPT433yKJiGsSCqhlcrJCIXZDlzM7kyAFi_tBvC9DdHbeoi2d3hhYgTvwhV-gTh4h0vYwTqtxiX8DazHSw-uDbjv8OwzekgKCw-N3dpo9hKm8X0IeO7aIeDkY90ZOunMOsDkt4_R68NsOX3KyufH-fS2zBqmWcyAKiq0lLUGXbC87UB1Ii9qJQrTNJIoQlUrWk5ELVXXaJFL2dC8g7xVrC44H6OLg-7W9-8DhFit-vRDsqyYKCTXWjCSqMsDtb_TQ1dtvd0Y_1VRUv3EWv3Fyr8B7P9paQ</recordid><startdate>20201201</startdate><enddate>20201201</enddate><creator>Zaman, Muhammad</creator><creator>Ahmad, Ijaz</creator><creator>Usman, Muhammad</creator><creator>Saifullah, Muhammad</creator><creator>Anjum, Muhammad Naveed</creator><creator>Khan, Muhammad Imran</creator><creator>Uzair Qamar, Muhammad</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1105-2343</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7219-8533</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2983-1628</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8058-6472</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20201201</creationdate><title>Event-Based Time Distribution Patterns, Return Levels, and Their Trends of Extreme Precipitation across Indus Basin</title><author>Zaman, Muhammad ; Ahmad, Ijaz ; Usman, Muhammad ; Saifullah, Muhammad ; Anjum, Muhammad Naveed ; Khan, Muhammad Imran ; Uzair Qamar, Muhammad</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c292t-e1814977b9e9625dfe8f456b846acc708018d4d304b78fc94577c15fe5d82b633</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2020</creationdate><topic>Climate change</topic><topic>Dispersion</topic><topic>Floods</topic><topic>Precipitation</topic><topic>Rivers</topic><topic>Topography</topic><topic>Trends</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Zaman, Muhammad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ahmad, Ijaz</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Usman, Muhammad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Saifullah, Muhammad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Anjum, Muhammad Naveed</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Khan, Muhammad Imran</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Uzair Qamar, Muhammad</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>AUTh Library subscriptions: ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content (ProQuest)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><jtitle>Water (Basel)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Zaman, Muhammad</au><au>Ahmad, Ijaz</au><au>Usman, Muhammad</au><au>Saifullah, Muhammad</au><au>Anjum, Muhammad Naveed</au><au>Khan, Muhammad Imran</au><au>Uzair Qamar, Muhammad</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Event-Based Time Distribution Patterns, Return Levels, and Their Trends of Extreme Precipitation across Indus Basin</atitle><jtitle>Water (Basel)</jtitle><date>2020-12-01</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>12</volume><issue>12</issue><spage>3373</spage><pages>3373-</pages><issn>2073-4441</issn><eissn>2073-4441</eissn><abstract>This study presented the spatio-temporal characteristics of extreme precipitation events in the Northern Highlands of Pakistan (NHPK). Daily precipitation observations of 30 in situ meteorological stations from 1961 to 2014 were used to estimate the 11 extreme precipitation indices. Additionally, trends in time distribution patterns (TDPs) and return periods were also investigated for event based extreme precipitations (EEP). Results found that the precipitation events with an amount of 160–320 mm and with a concentration ratio of 0.8–1.0 and a duration of 4–7 consecutive days were dominant. The frequency of heavy, very heavy and extremely heavy precipitation days decreased, whereas the frequency of wet, very wet and extremely wet days increased. Most of the indices, generally, showed an increasing trend from the northeast to middle parts. The extreme precipitation events of the 20 and 50-year return period were more common in the western and central areas of NHPK. Moreover, the 20 and 50-year return levels depicted higher values (up to 420 mm) for an event duration with all daily precipitation extremes dispersed in the first half (TDP1) in the Chitral, Panjkora and Jhelum Rivers basins, whilst the maximum values (up to 700 mm) for an event duration with all daily precipitation extremes dispersed in the second half (TDP2) were observed in the eastern part of the NHPK for 20-year and eastern and south-west for 50-year, respectively.</abstract><cop>Basel</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><doi>10.3390/w12123373</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1105-2343</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7219-8533</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2983-1628</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8058-6472</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
fulltext | fulltext |
identifier | ISSN: 2073-4441 |
ispartof | Water (Basel), 2020-12, Vol.12 (12), p.3373 |
issn | 2073-4441 2073-4441 |
language | eng |
recordid | cdi_proquest_journals_2467399420 |
source | Publicly Available Content (ProQuest) |
subjects | Climate change Dispersion Floods Precipitation Rivers Topography Trends |
title | Event-Based Time Distribution Patterns, Return Levels, and Their Trends of Extreme Precipitation across Indus Basin |
url | http://sfxeu10.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/loughborough?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2024-12-25T12%3A25%3A16IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_cross&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Event-Based%20Time%20Distribution%20Patterns,%20Return%20Levels,%20and%20Their%20Trends%20of%20Extreme%20Precipitation%20across%20Indus%20Basin&rft.jtitle=Water%20(Basel)&rft.au=Zaman,%20Muhammad&rft.date=2020-12-01&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=12&rft.spage=3373&rft.pages=3373-&rft.issn=2073-4441&rft.eissn=2073-4441&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390/w12123373&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_cross%3E2467399420%3C/proquest_cross%3E%3Cgrp_id%3Ecdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c292t-e1814977b9e9625dfe8f456b846acc708018d4d304b78fc94577c15fe5d82b633%3C/grp_id%3E%3Coa%3E%3C/oa%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2467399420&rft_id=info:pmid/&rfr_iscdi=true |