Nitrogen fertilizer programs following rice exposure to a sub-lethal concentration of paraquat

• Published in: Weed technology 2020-12, Vol.34 (6), p.807-813
• Main Authors: Lawrence, Benjamin H., Bond, Jason A., Golden, Bobby R., Allen, Thomas W., Reynolds, Daniel B., Bararpour, Taghi
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Agricultural production; Ammonium; Ammonium sulfate; Cotton; Crop rotation; Crop yield; Dry weight; Exposure; Fertilizer application; Fertilizers; Flooding; Floods; Grain; Growth stage; Herbicides; Injury prevention; Leaves; Maturity; Nitrogen; nitrogen management; Nutrients; off-target; Paraquat; Recovery; Rice; Sorghum; Soybeans; starter fertilizer; Starter fertilizers; urea; Weight reduction
• ISSN: 0890-037X; 1550-2740
• DOI: 10.1017/wet.2020.62

Off-target paraquat movement to rice has become a major problem in recent years for rice producers in the midsouthern United States. Nitrogen (N) fertilizer is applied to rice in greater quantity and frequency than all other nutrients to optimize rice yield. Two separate field studies were conducted from 2015 to 2018 in Stoneville, MS, to assess whether starter N fertilizer can aid rice recovery from exposure to a sub-lethal concentration of paraquat and to evaluate rice response to different N fertilizer management strategies following exposure to a sub-lethal concentration of paraquat. In both studies, paraquat treatments consisted of paraquat at 0 and 84 g ai ha–1 applied to rice in the two- to three-leaf (EPOST) growth stage. In the starter fertilizer study, N fertilizer at 24 kg ha–1 as ammonium sulfate (AMS) was applied to rice at spiking- to one-leaf (VEPOST), two- to three-leaf (EPOST), or three- to four-leaf (MPOST) growth stages before and after paraquat treatment. In the N fertilizer timing study, N fertilizer at 168 kg N ha–1 was applied in a single four-leaf to one-tiller (LPOST) application or two-, three-, and two four-way split applications. Despite starter N fertilizer applications, paraquat injured rice ≥41%, reduced height 57%, reduced dry weight prior to flooding 77%, delayed maturity 10 d, reduced dry weight at maturity 33%, and reduced rough rice yield 35% in the starter fertilizer study. Similarly, in the N fertilizer timing study, paraquat injured rice ≥45%, reduced height 14%, delayed maturity 10 d, reduced dry weight at maturity 44%, and reduced rough rice yield 50% for all N fertilizer management strategies. Both studies indicate that severe complications in growth and development can occur from rice exposure to a sub-lethal concentration of paraquat. In both studies, manipulation of N fertilizer management did not facilitate rice recovery from early-season exposure to paraquat. Nomenclature: Paraquat; rice, Oryza sativa L