Diagnosing open-system magmatic processes using the Magma Chamber Simulator (MCS): part I—major elements and phase equilibria

• Published in: Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 2020-10, Vol.175 (11), Article 104
• Main Authors: Bohrson, Wendy A., Spera, Frank J., Heinonen, Jussi S., Brown, Guy A., Scruggs, Melissa A., Adams, Jenna V., Takach, Marie K., Zeff, Garrett, Suikkanen, Einari
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Assimilation; Balancing; Basalt; Carbon dioxide; Case studies; Chambers; Chemical potential; Composition; Computational fluid dynamics; Contamination; Crystallization; Crystals; Earth and Environmental Science; Earth Sciences; Engines; Evolution; Fluids; Fractional crystallization; Geochemistry; Geology; Igneous rocks; Inclusions; Isotopes; Lava; Magma; Magma chambers; Magmatism; Major elements; Mass; Mass balance; Mineral Resources; Mineralogy; Modelling; Open systems; Optimization; Original Paper; Percolation; Petrology; Recharge; Reservoirs; Rhyolite; Rhyolites; Simulation; Simulators; Software; Supercritical fluids; Thermodynamic equilibrium; Thermodynamics; Trace elements
• ISSN: 0010-7999; 1432-0967
• DOI: 10.1007/s00410-020-01722-z

The Magma Chamber Simulator (MCS) is a thermodynamic tool for modeling the evolution of magmatic systems that are open with respect to assimilation of partial melts or stoped blocks, magma recharge + mixing, and fractional crystallization. MCS is available for both PC and Mac. In the MCS, the thermal, mass, and compositional evolution of a multicomponent–multiphase composite system of resident magma, wallrock, and recharge reservoirs is tracked by rigorous self-consistent thermodynamic modeling. A Recharge–Assimilation (Assimilated partial melt or Stoped blocks)–Fractional Crystallization (R n AS n FC; n tot  ≤ 30) scenario is computed by minimization or maximization of appropriate thermodynamic potentials using the family of rhyolite- and pMELTS engines coupled to an Excel Visual Basic interface. In MCS, during isobaric cooling and crystallization, resident magma thermally interacts with wallrock that is in internal thermodynamic equilibrium. Wallrock partial melt above a user-defined percolation threshold is homogenized (i.e., brought in to chemical potential equilibrium) with resident magma. Crystals that form become part of a cumulate reservoir that remains thermally connected but chemically isolated from resident melt . Up to 30 instances ( n  ≤ 30) of magma mixing by recharge and/or bulk assimilation of stoped wallrock blocks can occur in a single simulation; each recharge magma or stoped block has a unique user-defined composition and thermal state. Recharge magmas and stoped blocks hybridize (equilibrate) with resident melt, yielding a single new melt composition and temperature. MCS output includes major and trace element concentrations and isotopic ratios (Sr, Nd, Hf, Pb, Os, and O as defaults) of wallrock, recharge magma/stoped blocks, resident magma melt, and cumulates. The chemical formulae of equilibrium crystalline phases in the cumulate reservoir, wallrock, and recharge magmas/stoped blocks are also output. Depending on the selected rhyolite-MELTS engine, the composition and properties of a possible supercritical fluid phase (H 2 O and/or CO 2 ) are also tracked. Forward modeling of theoretical magma systems and suites of igneous rocks provides quantitative insight into key questions in igneous petrology such as mantle versus crustal contributions to terrestrial magmas, the record of magmatism preserved in cumulates and exsolved fluids, and the chronology of RASFC processes that may be recorded by crystal populations, melt inclusions, and w