RILEM TC 247-DTA round robin test: sulfate resistance, alkali-silica reaction and freeze–thaw resistance of alkali-activated concretes

• Published in: Materials and structures 2020, Vol.53 (6), Article 140
• Main Authors: Winnefeld, Frank, Gluth, Gregor J. G., Bernal, Susan A., Bignozzi, Maria C., Carabba, Lorenza, Chithiraputhiran, Sundararaman, Dehghan, Alireza, Dolenec, Sabina, Dombrowski-Daube, Katja, Dubey, Ashish, Ducman, Vilma, Jin, Yu, Peterson, Karl, Stephan, Dietmar, Provis, John L.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Aggregates; Alkali resistance tests; Alkali-silica reactions; Blast furnace practice; Building construction; Building Materials; Civil Engineering; Damage; Deicing salt; Design of experiments; Durability; Engineering; Fly ash; GGBS; Granulation; Machines; Manufacturing; Materials Science; Metakaolin; Portland cements; Processes; RILEM TC Report; Silicon dioxide; Sodium sulfate; Solid Mechanics; Sulfate resistance; Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
• ISSN: 1359-5997; 1871-6873
• DOI: 10.1617/s11527-020-01562-0

The RILEM technical committee TC 247-DTA ‘Durability Testing of Alkali-Activated Materials’ conducted a round robin testing programme to determine the validity of various durability testing methods, originally developed for Portland cement based-concretes, for the assessment of the durability of alkali-activated concretes. The outcomes of the round robin tests evaluating sulfate resistance, alkali-silica reaction (ASR) and freeze–thaw resistance are presented in this contribution. Five different alkali-activated concretes, based on ground granulated blast furnace slag, fly ash, or metakaolin were investigated. The extent of sulfate damage to concretes based on slag or fly ash seems to be limited when exposed to an Na 2 SO 4 solution. The mixture based on metakaolin showed an excessive, very early expansion, followed by a dimensionally stable period, which cannot be explained at present. In the slag-based concretes, MgSO 4 caused more expansion and visual damage than Na 2 SO 4 ; however, the expansion limits defined in the respective standards were not exceeded. Both the ASTM C1293 and RILEM AAR-3.1 test methods for the determination of ASR expansion appear to give essentially reliable identification of expansion caused by highly reactive aggregates. Alkali-activated materials in combination with an unreactive or potentially expansive aggregate were in no case seen to cause larger expansions; only the aggregates of known very high reactivity were seen to be problematic. The results of freeze–thaw testing (with/without deicing salts) of alkali-activated concretes suggest an important influence of the curing conditions and experimental conditions on the test outcomes, which need to be understood before the tests can be reliably applied and interpreted.