Metal-free n/n–junctioned graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4): a study to elucidate its charge transfer mechanism and application for environmental remediation

• Published in: Environmental science and pollution research international 2021, Vol.28 (4), p.4388-4403
• Main Authors: Phang, Sue Jiun, Goh, Jin Mei, Tan, Lling-Lling, Lee, Wuen Pei Cathie, Ong, Wee-Jun, Chai, Siang-Piao
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Aquatic Pollution; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution; Carbon; Carbon nitride; Catalysis; Catalytic activity; Charge transfer; Current carriers; Earth and Environmental Science; Ecotoxicology; Environment; Environmental Chemistry; Environmental cleanup; Environmental Health; Environmental Restoration and Remediation; Environmental science; Graphite; Holes (electron deficiencies); Homojunctions; Interface stability; Irradiation; Light emitting diodes; Nanocomposites; Nitrogen Compounds; Photocatalysis; Photocatalysts; Photochemicals; Recombination; Research Article; Rhodamine; Scavenging; Structural stability; Thermal stability; Thiourea; Thioureas; Urea; Waste Water Technology; Wastewater treatment; Water Management; Water Pollution Control
• ISSN: 0944-1344; 1614-7499
• DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10814-z

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ) has been regarded as a promising visible light–driven photocatalyst ascribable to its tailorable structures, thermal stability and chemical inertness. Enhanced photocatalytic activity is achievable by the construction of homojunction nanocomposites to reduce the undesired recombination of photogenerated charge carriers. In the present work, a novel g-C 3 N 4 /g-C 3 N 4 metal-free homojunction photocatalyst was synthesized via hydrothermal polymerization. The g-C 3 N 4 /g-C 3 N 4 derived from urea and thiourea demonstrated admirable photocatalytic activity towards rhodamine B (RhB) degradation upon irradiation of an 18 W LED light. The viability of the photoreaction with a low-powered excitation source highlighted the economic and environmental benefits of the process. The optimal g-C 3 N 4 /g-C 3 N 4 homojunction photocatalyst exhibited a 2- and 1.8-fold increase in efficiency in relative to pristine g-C 3 N 4 derived from urea and thiourea respectively. The enhanced photocatalytic performance is credited to the improved interfacial transfer and separation of electron-hole pairs across the homojunction interface. Furthermore, an excellent photochemical stability and durability is displayed by g-C 3 N 4 /g-C 3 N 4 after three consecutive cycles. In addition, a plausible photocatalytic mechanism was proposed based on various scavenging tests. Overall, experimental results generated from this study is expected to intrigue novel research inspirations in developing metal-free homojunction photocatalysts to be feasible for large-scale wastewater treatment without compromising economically. Graphical abstract