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Chert Deposit Used in Cement Production as a Quartz-Sand Alternative in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region: An Assessment Study
Silica-sand is one of the main additives in cement production. Cement plants in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region had been using silica sand which is 98% quartz that was quarried from the Iraqi Western Desert. However, during the last decade, it was not possible to supply these cement plants with material...
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Published in: | Geotechnical and geological engineering 2021-02, Vol.39 (2), p.1451-1464 |
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description | Silica-sand is one of the main additives in cement production. Cement plants in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region had been using silica sand which is 98% quartz that was quarried from the Iraqi Western Desert. However, during the last decade, it was not possible to supply these cement plants with material from this location; therefore, the silica sand was imported from Iran. Recently, radiolarian chert of the Qulqula Group was quarried from the Sharbazhar Quarry in Kurdistan and used in some cement plants in the Kurdistan Region. This research was performed to study the specifications of the chert which is interbedded with claystone of the Qulqula Group that can be used as an alternative to silica-sand from other regions outside of Kurdistan. Five samples were collected from the Sharbazhar Quarry and subjected to XRF testing. The acquired results were encouraging; therefore, 20 additional samples were collected from the quarry, but also from other outcrops of the Qulqula Group along the road towards Sulaimaniyah city. The collected samples were subjected to XRF testing and the results showed that the weighted average of the SiO
2
in the quarried chert–claystone deposit is 83.71%., when the plants used claystone:chert ratio is 3:2; as it is used with mix-raw material in some cement plants in the Bazian district. This deficiency in the weighted average of the SiO
2
is overcome by adding more chert from the chert–claystone deposit to the raw-mix. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s10706-020-01568-z |
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2
in the quarried chert–claystone deposit is 83.71%., when the plants used claystone:chert ratio is 3:2; as it is used with mix-raw material in some cement plants in the Bazian district. This deficiency in the weighted average of the SiO
2
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2
in the quarried chert–claystone deposit is 83.71%., when the plants used claystone:chert ratio is 3:2; as it is used with mix-raw material in some cement plants in the Bazian district. This deficiency in the weighted average of the SiO
2
is overcome by adding more chert from the chert–claystone deposit to the raw-mix.</description><subject>Additives</subject><subject>Cement</subject><subject>Cement plants</subject><subject>Chert</subject><subject>Cherts</subject><subject>Civil Engineering</subject><subject>Concrete</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Earth Sciences</subject><subject>Geotechnical Engineering & Applied Earth Sciences</subject><subject>Hydrogeology</subject><subject>Original Paper</subject><subject>Outcrops</subject><subject>Quarries</subject><subject>Quartz</subject><subject>Raw materials</subject><subject>Sand</subject><subject>Silica</subject><subject>Silicon dioxide</subject><subject>Terrestrial Pollution</subject><subject>Testing</subject><subject>Waste Management/Waste Technology</subject><issn>0960-3182</issn><issn>1573-1529</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp9kElPwzAQRi0EEmX5A5wscTaM7Sw1tyqsohJL4Wy58QSCSlI8Dqj99aQEiRunuXzvafQYO5JwIgHyU5KQQyZAgQCZZmOx3mIjmeZayFSZbTYCk4HQcqx22R7RGwCoDOSIfRWvGCI_x2VLdeTPhJ7XDS_wHZvI70PruzLWbcMdcccfOhfiWsxc4_lkETE0LtafuCHiK_Kb4D5qftsFX1N0DX_Elx4945OGT4iQ6Ec6i51fHbCdyi0ID3_vPnu-vHgqrsX07uqmmEyFU0ZHkeQapHMeodRzn851WWllMu-kzxNnkirFcpxUKi-hUqqSiZk74zQmudGVnpd6nx0P3mVoPzqkaN_arn97QVYlJlO5BG36lRpWZWiJAlZ2Gep3F1ZWgt0EtkNg2we2P4Htuof0AFE_bl4w_Kn_ob4BD3N_mA</recordid><startdate>20210201</startdate><enddate>20210201</enddate><creator>Sissakian, Varoujan K.</creator><creator>Vanarelli, Mark J.</creator><creator>Jassim, Hamed M.</creator><creator>Omer, Hassan O.</creator><creator>Hamoodi, Dalyia A.</creator><general>Springer International Publishing</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7TN</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>BKSAR</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>H96</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>PCBAR</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1473-6791</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7507-8035</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9840-5422</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20210201</creationdate><title>Chert Deposit Used in Cement Production as a Quartz-Sand Alternative in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region: An Assessment Study</title><author>Sissakian, Varoujan K. ; 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Cement plants in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region had been using silica sand which is 98% quartz that was quarried from the Iraqi Western Desert. However, during the last decade, it was not possible to supply these cement plants with material from this location; therefore, the silica sand was imported from Iran. Recently, radiolarian chert of the Qulqula Group was quarried from the Sharbazhar Quarry in Kurdistan and used in some cement plants in the Kurdistan Region. This research was performed to study the specifications of the chert which is interbedded with claystone of the Qulqula Group that can be used as an alternative to silica-sand from other regions outside of Kurdistan. Five samples were collected from the Sharbazhar Quarry and subjected to XRF testing. The acquired results were encouraging; therefore, 20 additional samples were collected from the quarry, but also from other outcrops of the Qulqula Group along the road towards Sulaimaniyah city. The collected samples were subjected to XRF testing and the results showed that the weighted average of the SiO
2
in the quarried chert–claystone deposit is 83.71%., when the plants used claystone:chert ratio is 3:2; as it is used with mix-raw material in some cement plants in the Bazian district. This deficiency in the weighted average of the SiO
2
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subjects | Additives Cement Cement plants Chert Cherts Civil Engineering Concrete Earth and Environmental Science Earth Sciences Geotechnical Engineering & Applied Earth Sciences Hydrogeology Original Paper Outcrops Quarries Quartz Raw materials Sand Silica Silicon dioxide Terrestrial Pollution Testing Waste Management/Waste Technology |
title | Chert Deposit Used in Cement Production as a Quartz-Sand Alternative in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region: An Assessment Study |
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