A pilot study on parallel factor analysis as a diagnostic tool for oral cancer diagnosis: A statistical modeling approach

• Published in: Journal of chemometrics 2021-03, Vol.35 (3), p.n/a
• Main Authors: Kanniyappan, Udayakumar, Gnanatheepam, Einstein, Subramani, Karthikeyan, Rajendran, Mangaiyarkarasi, Chinnathambi, Shanmugavel, Aruna, Prakasarao, Ganesan, Singaravelu
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adenine; Cancer; Chemical compounds; Classification; Collagen; Diagnosis; Diagnostic software; Discriminant analysis; Emission; Emissions; Excitation; Excitation spectra; excitation‐emission matrix; Factor analysis; flavin adenine dinucleotide; Fluorescence; linear discriminant analysis; Medical diagnosis; Nicotinamide; Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; Oral cancer; parallel factor analysis; Porphyrins; statistical modeling approach; Statistical models; Tryptophan; Tyrosine
• ISSN: 0886-9383; 1099-128X
• DOI: 10.1002/cem.3315

Excitation‐emission matrix (EEM) has been extensively used as the comprehensive diagnostic tool to extract the biochemical fingerprint of the intrinsic fluorophores in a single scan window. However, there is a gap between the rigorous applications of the statistical tool with respect to discrimination of different stages of the disease which has been the subject for many years. Parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) is one among the powerful statistical modeling approaches among others. In the present study, a total of 70 EEM matrices of normal, premalignant, and malignant oral tissues were given as a input, and seven intrinsic fluorophores were extracted as “components.” The extracted components were well correlated with respect to the appropriate excitation and emission spectral characteristics of the multiple intrinsic fluorophores such as tryptophan, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), collagen‐1, porphyrin, tyrosine, and collagen. Subsequently, the student's t test and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) have been carried out with respect to the fluorescence intensity scores between normal vs. premalignant, normal vs. cancer, and premalignant vs. malignant groups. In normal vs. premalignant, all the seven fluorophores exhibit good statistical accuracy except porphyrin; normal vs. cancer exhibits higher statistical significance for tryptophan, NADH, and FAD than rest of the fluorophores, and premalignant vs. malignant shows proper classification in discriminating FAD, collagen‐1, and collagen. In summary, based on positive predictive value, the normal vs. premalignant exhibits 100% classification than the other two groups. Hence, the PARAFAC analysis could be the alternative and useful diagnostic tool in oral cancer diagnosis. Oral cancer is one of the dominant threats to human society. Though there has been a tremendous improvement in optical diagnostic techniques, still the mortality rate due to oral cancer is not yet decreased significantly. The parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) is used to explore the diagnostic potentiality in discriminating different stages of oral cancer. The statistical analysis reveals that this technique is useful in discriminating premalignant from normal tissues.