Immediate one-step lime precipitation process for the valorization of winery wastewater to agricultural purposes

• Published in: Environmental science and pollution research international 2021-04, Vol.28 (15), p.18382-18391
• Main Authors: Luz, Silvana, Rivas, Javier, Afonso, Alexandra, Carvalho, Fátima
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Agricultural wastes; Aquatic Pollution; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution; Biochemical oxygen demand; Cadmium; Calcium; Calcium Compounds; Calcium ions; Carbonatation; Chemical oxygen demand; Coliforms; Copper; Earth and Environmental Science; Ecotoxicology; Electrical conductivity; Electrical resistivity; Environment; Environmental Chemistry; Environmental Health; Environmental science; Fecal coliforms; Food industries wastewaters; Health and Well Being: A Global pollution Problem; Impacts in Environmental Trends; Iron; Lead; Lime; Low level; Manganese; Metals; Nickel; Organic matter; Oxides; pH effects; Phenols; Phosphorus pentoxide; Portugal; Sludge; Turbidity; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Waste Water; Waste Water Technology; Wastewater; Water Management; Water Pollution Control; Wineries; Wineries & vineyards; Zinc
• ISSN: 0944-1344; 1614-7499
• DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11933-3

The winery wastewater (WW) of the Village of Vidigueira, in south of Portugal, presented an acid pH (4.26 ± 0.029), a high content of chemical oxygen demand (COD = 3236 ± 30.43 mg L −1 ), turbidity (160.0 ± 7.68 NTU), total P (155.5 ± 6.36 mg L −1 ) K (100.5 mg L −1 ), and low level of metals: Pb, Cd, Cu, Ni, Mn, Fe, Zn. The K and the total P content could make them attractive from an agricultural point of view. However, the high turbidity biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5 = 1266.7 ± 208.7 mg O 2 L −1 ) fecal coliforms (45 ± 29.8 ufc/100 mL) and toxicological total phenols 13.239 ± 3.007 mg galic acid L −1 is the main limiting parameters. By using 5 g L −1 of lime solution, the best reactional conditions are achieved: pH = 12 with a minimum volume of the produced sludge’s, 33.5 ± 4.92 mL L −1 . These reactional conditions allow reaching high removal levels of BOD 5 , turbidity, total P, and total phenols: 77.9, 98.7%, 87.1%, and 99.9%, respectively. Simultaneously, the fecal coliforms and Enterococcus are 100% eliminated. The precipitate obtained is rich in calcium (2.7891 ± 0.4350 mg Ca kg −1 ) organic matter (10.05 ± 0.11%), P (895.0 ± 35.4 mg P 2 O 5 kg −1 ), and K (990.0 ± 84.9 mg K 2 O kg −1 ). During carbonatation reactions, the pH (7.46) and electrical conductivity (EC) (1.805 dS m −1 ) decreased spontaneously while the Ca 2+ , K + , and F − kept high: 426.53 mg L −1 , 240.53 mg L −1 , 176.03 mg L −1 , respectively.