Geological significance of rare earth elements in marine shale during the Late Ordovician–Early Silurian in Sichuan Basin, South China

• Published in: Geological journal (Chichester, England) England), 2021-04, Vol.56 (4), p.1821-1840
• Main Authors: Lu, Bin, Qiu, Zhen, Zhang, Bao‐Hua, Li, Jian, Tao, Hui‐Fei
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Aluminum oxide; Anoxia; Anoxic conditions; Cerium; Clay; Clay minerals; Continental margins; Depletion; Earth; Enrichment; Ferric oxide; geochemistry; Geology; Late Ordovician–Early Silurian; Major elements; marine shale; Minerals; Ordovician; Organic matter; Oxidoreductions; Palaeoclimate; Paleoclimate; Phosphates; Phosphorus pentoxide; Potassium oxides; Pyrite; Rare earth elements; REE; Sedimentary rocks; Shale; Shales; Sichuan Basin; Silica; Silicon dioxide; Silurian; South China; Titanium dioxide; Trace elements
• ISSN: 0072-1050; 1099-1034
• DOI: 10.1002/gj.4027

Rare earth elements (REEs) record a large amount of geological information, and serve as a good geological indicator that can effectively predict the palaeoclimate, palaeoenvironment, and palaeotectonic evolution of the sedimentary rocks. The REEs and major elements of 94 marine shale samples obtained from the Late Ordovician to the Early Silurian at Shuanghe (SH) and Qiliao (QL) sections in Sichuan Basin were analysed in this study. Results showed that the major elements of Al2O3, K2O, and TiO2 were mainly controlled by clay minerals associated with terrigenous detrital, but the SiO2 and Na2O were not influenced by clay minerals. In addition, ΣREE values obtained at Shuanghe and Qiliao sections during the Late Ordovician–Early Silurian were close to those of North American Shale (NASC) composites (173.2 ug/g). REEs were characterized by light rare earth elements enrichment, but heavy rare earth elements depletion. Furthermore, the NASC‐normalized REE patterns were similar with a little difference at Shuanghe and Qiliao sections. The following conclusions were drawn by studying REE indicators associated with source, redox condition and the mechanism of organic matter enrichment: (a) ΣREE showed strong positive correlations with TiO2, Al2O3, K2O, and Na2O, but exhibited relatively poor correlations with Fe2O3 and P2O5. These results suggested that REEs in the marine shale mainly occurred in clay minerals, but also were influenced by pyrite, phosphates, and other minerals. (b) Ce/Ce* showed that marine shale during the Late Ordovician–Early Silurian was mainly deposited under anoxic condition in Sichuan Basin and the reduction intensity at Qiliao section was stronger than Shuanghe section. (c) The diagram between La/Yb and ΣREE and the Ce/Ce* values indicated that the detrital minerals in the marine shale were mainly derived from the sedimentary rocks and deposited in the same continental margin environment with a complex composition. (d) The controlling factors of organic matter enrichment were different at Shuanghe and Qiliao sections and the depositional environment controlled the organic matter accumulation and preservation of the organic‐rich marine shale. The marine shale during the Late Ordovician–Early Silurian in Sichuan Basin was deposited under anoxic condition, the reduction intensity at Qiliao was stronger than Shuanghe, the controlling factors of organic matter enrichment were different and its detrital minerals were derived from the sedimentar