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The silence of prey: Hummingbirds do not respond to potential ambush predators on flowers
Predation is one of the most important ecological factors determining the structure and functioning of ecosystems. Among the various strategies used by predators to obtain food, there are those in which they take advantage of the vulnerability of the prey during its foraging bouts. An unexplored exa...
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Published in: | Austral ecology 2021-06, Vol.46 (4), p.515-520 |
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creator | Alcantara Viana, João Vitor Massufaro Giffu, Murilo Hachuy‐Filho, Leandro |
description | Predation is one of the most important ecological factors determining the structure and functioning of ecosystems. Among the various strategies used by predators to obtain food, there are those in which they take advantage of the vulnerability of the prey during its foraging bouts. An unexplored example of this strategy is the interaction between vertebrate pollinators and ambush predators. Despite the reports of arboreal tarantulas preying on hummingbirds, little is known about the behaviour of these birds in the presence of their predators. Thus, our study sought to investigate hummingbird behaviour against potential opportunist predators during their search for food resources. We used Heliconia velloziana as a mutualist model, in which, we separated plant flowers in two groups – plants with predators and plants without predators – in order to observe the behaviour of pollinators during their foraging activity. The rate of visitation was also indirectly estimated based on residual nectar and pollen. Our results show that hummingbirds initially avoided contact with the predator, but later they visited both groups indiscriminately. The results suggest that these birds do not have counter‐adaptations to identify invertebrate ambush predators as a threat. Since such predators are generalists and the events of predation are sporadic, they do not exert selective pressures strong enough to lead to the development of evasive behaviours. We conclude that hummingbirds are potential prey for opportunistic ambush predators. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1111/aec.13019 |
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Among the various strategies used by predators to obtain food, there are those in which they take advantage of the vulnerability of the prey during its foraging bouts. An unexplored example of this strategy is the interaction between vertebrate pollinators and ambush predators. Despite the reports of arboreal tarantulas preying on hummingbirds, little is known about the behaviour of these birds in the presence of their predators. Thus, our study sought to investigate hummingbird behaviour against potential opportunist predators during their search for food resources. We used Heliconia velloziana as a mutualist model, in which, we separated plant flowers in two groups – plants with predators and plants without predators – in order to observe the behaviour of pollinators during their foraging activity. The rate of visitation was also indirectly estimated based on residual nectar and pollen. Our results show that hummingbirds initially avoided contact with the predator, but later they visited both groups indiscriminately. The results suggest that these birds do not have counter‐adaptations to identify invertebrate ambush predators as a threat. Since such predators are generalists and the events of predation are sporadic, they do not exert selective pressures strong enough to lead to the development of evasive behaviours. 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Our results show that hummingbirds initially avoided contact with the predator, but later they visited both groups indiscriminately. The results suggest that these birds do not have counter‐adaptations to identify invertebrate ambush predators as a threat. Since such predators are generalists and the events of predation are sporadic, they do not exert selective pressures strong enough to lead to the development of evasive behaviours. We conclude that hummingbirds are potential prey for opportunistic ambush predators.</description><subject>Adaptation</subject><subject>Avoidance behavior</subject><subject>behaviour</subject><subject>Birds</subject><subject>counter‐adaptations</subject><subject>Flowers</subject><subject>Food</subject><subject>Food resources</subject><subject>Foraging behavior</subject><subject>Heliconia velloziana</subject><subject>hummingbirds</subject><subject>Invertebrates</subject><subject>Nectar</subject><subject>Plants (botany)</subject><subject>Pollen</subject><subject>Pollinators</subject><subject>Predation</subject><subject>Predators</subject><subject>Predatory behavior</subject><subject>Prey</subject><subject>tarantulas</subject><subject>Trochilidae</subject><subject>Vertebrates</subject><issn>1442-9985</issn><issn>1442-9993</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp1kLFOwzAQhi0EEqUw8AaWmBjS2k4cx2xVVShSJZYyMFlObNNUiR3sRFXeHpcgNm65G77_7vQBcI_RAsdaSl0tcIowvwAznGUk4Zynl39zQa_BTQhHhFCRczwDH_uDhqFutK00dAZ2Xo9PcDu0bW0_y9qrAJWD1vXQ69A5q2DvYOd6bftaNlC25RAO55SSvfMBOgtN407ah1twZWQT9N1vn4P3581-vU12by-v69UuqQhlPCl0hpBhpeSUloRnhnCMKCMIaYYKRvK8il9jrliV5ZjyNCM5kyo1XCldUZTOwcO0t_Pua9ChF0c3eBtPCkIJywrGEInU40RV3oXgtRGdr1vpR4GROJsT0Zz4MRfZ5cSeopfxf1CsNusp8Q33fG45</recordid><startdate>202106</startdate><enddate>202106</enddate><creator>Alcantara Viana, João Vitor</creator><creator>Massufaro Giffu, Murilo</creator><creator>Hachuy‐Filho, Leandro</creator><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QR</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>P64</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5785-9252</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7348-9757</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5249-5362</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>202106</creationdate><title>The silence of prey: Hummingbirds do not respond to potential ambush predators on flowers</title><author>Alcantara Viana, João Vitor ; Massufaro Giffu, Murilo ; Hachuy‐Filho, Leandro</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c2579-8e400f7ba955b294f291057200e7087266c98519d7c4615934267ad3f9ddec503</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Adaptation</topic><topic>Avoidance behavior</topic><topic>behaviour</topic><topic>Birds</topic><topic>counter‐adaptations</topic><topic>Flowers</topic><topic>Food</topic><topic>Food resources</topic><topic>Foraging behavior</topic><topic>Heliconia velloziana</topic><topic>hummingbirds</topic><topic>Invertebrates</topic><topic>Nectar</topic><topic>Plants (botany)</topic><topic>Pollen</topic><topic>Pollinators</topic><topic>Predation</topic><topic>Predators</topic><topic>Predatory behavior</topic><topic>Prey</topic><topic>tarantulas</topic><topic>Trochilidae</topic><topic>Vertebrates</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Alcantara Viana, João Vitor</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Massufaro Giffu, Murilo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hachuy‐Filho, Leandro</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Chemoreception Abstracts</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><jtitle>Austral ecology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Alcantara Viana, João Vitor</au><au>Massufaro Giffu, Murilo</au><au>Hachuy‐Filho, Leandro</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The silence of prey: Hummingbirds do not respond to potential ambush predators on flowers</atitle><jtitle>Austral ecology</jtitle><date>2021-06</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>46</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>515</spage><epage>520</epage><pages>515-520</pages><issn>1442-9985</issn><eissn>1442-9993</eissn><abstract>Predation is one of the most important ecological factors determining the structure and functioning of ecosystems. 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Our results show that hummingbirds initially avoided contact with the predator, but later they visited both groups indiscriminately. The results suggest that these birds do not have counter‐adaptations to identify invertebrate ambush predators as a threat. Since such predators are generalists and the events of predation are sporadic, they do not exert selective pressures strong enough to lead to the development of evasive behaviours. We conclude that hummingbirds are potential prey for opportunistic ambush predators.</abstract><cop>Richmond</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><doi>10.1111/aec.13019</doi><tpages>6</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5785-9252</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7348-9757</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5249-5362</orcidid></addata></record> |
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subjects | Adaptation Avoidance behavior behaviour Birds counter‐adaptations Flowers Food Food resources Foraging behavior Heliconia velloziana hummingbirds Invertebrates Nectar Plants (botany) Pollen Pollinators Predation Predators Predatory behavior Prey tarantulas Trochilidae Vertebrates |
title | The silence of prey: Hummingbirds do not respond to potential ambush predators on flowers |
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