Estimating entropy production from waiting time distributions

• Published in: arXiv.org 2021-07
• Main Authors: Skinner, Dominic J, Dunkel, Jörn
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Biological activity; Chemical potential; Energy consumption; Entropy; Free energy; Locomotion; Markov processes; Timing devices
• ISSN: 2331-8422
• DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2105.08681

Living systems operate far from thermal equilibrium by converting the chemical potential of ATP into mechanical work to achieve growth, replication or locomotion. Given time series observations of intra-, inter- or multicellular processes, a key challenge is to detect non-equilibrium behavior and quantify the rate of free energy consumption. Obtaining reliable bounds on energy consumption and entropy production directly from experimental data remains difficult in practice as many degrees of freedom typically are hidden to the observer, so that the accessible coarse-grained dynamics may not obviously violate detailed balance. Here, we introduce a novel method for bounding the entropy production of physical and living systems which uses only the waiting time statistics of hidden Markov processes and hence can be directly applied to experimental data. By determining a universal limiting curve, we infer entropy production bounds from experimental data for gene regulatory networks, mammalian behavioral dynamics and numerous other biological processes. Further considering the asymptotic limit of increasingly precise biological timers, we estimate the necessary entropic cost of heartbeat regulation in humans, dogs and mice.