INTEGRAL reloaded: spacecraft, instruments and ground system

• Published in: arXiv.org 2021-06
• Main Authors: Kuulkers, Erik, Ferrigno, Carlo, Kretschmar, Peter, Alfonso-Garzon, Julia, Baab, Marius, Bazzano, Angela, Belanger, Guillaume, Benson, Ian, Bird, Anthony J, Bozzo, Enrico, Brandt, Soren, Coe, Elliott, Caballero, Isabel, Cangemi, Floriane, Chenevez, Jerome, Cenko, Bradley, Cinar, Nebil, Coleiro, Alexis, De Padova, Stefano, Diehl, Roland, Dietze, Claudia, Domingo, Albert, Drapes, Mark, D'uva, Eleonora, Ehle, Matthias, Ebrero, Jacobo, Edirimanne, Mithrajith, Eismont, Natan A, Finn, Timothy, Fiocchi, Mariateresa, Elena Garcia Tomas, Gaudenzi, Gianluca, Godard, Thomas, Goldwurm, Andrea, Gotz, Diego, Gouiffes, Christian, Grebenev, Sergei A, Greiner, Jochen, Gros, Aleksandra, Hanlon, Lorraine, Hermsen, Wim, Hernandez, Cristina, Hernanz, Margarita, Huebner, Jutta, Jourdain, Elisabeth, Giovanni La Rosa, Labanti, Claudio, Laurent, Philippe, Lehanka, Alexander, Lund, Niels, Madison, James, Malzac, Julien, Martin, Jim, J Miguel Mas-Hesse, McBreen, Brian, McDonald, Alastair, McEnery, Julie, Mereghetti, Sandro, Natalucci, Lorenzo, Ness, Jan-Uwe, Oxborrow, Carol Anne, Palmer, John, Peschke, Sibylle, Petrucciani, Francesco, Pfeil, Norbert, Reichenbaecher, Michael, Rodi, James, Rodriguez, Jerome, Roques, Jean-Pierre, Emilio Salazar Donate, Salt, Dave, Sanchez-Fernandez, Celia, Sauvageon, Aymeric, Savchenko, Volodymyr, Sergey Yu Sazonov, Scaglioni, Stefano, Schartel, Norbert, Siegert, Thomas, Southworth, Richard, Sunyaev, Rashid A, Toma, Liviu, Ubertini, Pietro, Ed P J van den Heuvel, Andreas von Kienlin, Nikolai von Krusenstiern, Winkler, Christoph, Hajdas Wojciech, Zannoni, Ugo
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Aerospace environments; Angular resolution; Astrophysics; Binary stars; Charged particles; Electromagnetic radiation; Energy resolution; Field of view; Fluxes; Galactic bulge; Gamma ray detectors; Gamma rays; High energy astronomy; Integrals; Neutron stars; Polarization; Positron annihilation; Radiation; Radio sources (astronomy); Satellite orbits; Spacecraft; Spectral resolution; Subsystems
• ISSN: 2331-8422

ESA's INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL) was launched on 17 Oct 2002 at 06:41 CEST. Since then, it has been providing long, uninterrupted observations (up to about 47 hr, or 170 ksec, per satellite orbit of 2.7 days) with a large field-of-view (fully coded: 100 deg^2), msec time resolution, keV energy resolution, polarization measurements, as well as additional coverage in the optical. This is realized by two main instruments in the 15 keV to 10 MeV range, the spectrometer SPI (spectral resolution 3 keV at 1.8 MeV) and the imager IBIS (angular resolution 12 arcmin FWHM), complemented by X-ray (JEM-X; 3-35 keV) and optical (OMC; Johnson V-band) monitors. All instruments are co-aligned to simultaneously observe the target region. A particle radiation monitor (IREM) measures charged particle fluxes near the spacecraft. The Anti-coincidence subsystems of the main instruments are also efficient all-sky gamma-ray detectors, which provide omni-directional monitoring above ~75 keV. INTEGRAL can also rapidly (within a couple of hours) re-point and conduct Target of Opportunity observations. INTEGRAL has build an impressive legacy: e.g. discovery of >600 new high-energy sources; first-ever direct detection of 56Ni and 56Co radio-active decay lines from a Type Ia supernova; new insights on positron annihilation in the Galactic bulge and disk; pioneering gamma-ray polarization studies. INTEGRAL is also a successful in multi-messenger astronomy: INTEGRAL found the first prompt electromagnetic radiation in coincidence with a binary neutron star merger. More than 1750 papers based on INTEGRAL data have been published in refereed journals. Here we give a comprehensive update of the satellite status after more than 18 years of operations in a harsh space environment, and an account of the successful Ground Segment.