Neuroimmune disruptions from naturally occurring levels of mycotoxins

Substantial pieces of evidence support the potential of exogenous toxins in disrupting neuroimmune homeostasis. It appears that mycotoxins are one of the noticeable sources of naturally occurring substances dysregulating the immune system, which involves the physiology of many organs, such as the ce...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Environmental science and pollution research international 2021-07, Vol.28 (25), p.32156-32176
Main Authors: Shahba, Sara, Mehrzad, Jalil, Malvandi, Amir Mohammad
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Annual reports
Aquatic Pollution
Astrocytes
Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution
Central nervous system
Detoxification
Dosage
Earth and Environmental Science
Ecotoxicology
Environment
Environmental Chemistry
Environmental Health
Environmental science
Health risk assessment
Health risks
Hemostasis
Hemostatics
Homeostasis
Immune clearance
Immune system
Immunology
Inflammation
Low level
Microglia
Mycotoxins
Organs
Review Article
Toxins
Waste Water Technology
Water Management
Water Pollution Control
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Summary:Substantial pieces of evidence support the potential of exogenous toxins in disrupting neuroimmune homeostasis. It appears that mycotoxins are one of the noticeable sources of naturally occurring substances dysregulating the immune system, which involves the physiology of many organs, such as the central nervous system (CNS). The induction of inflammatory responses in microglial cells and astrocytes, the CNS resident cells with immunological characteristics, could interrupt the hemostasis upon even with low-level exposure to mycotoxins. The inevitable widespread occurrence of a low level of mycotoxins in foods and feed is likely increasing worldwide, predisposing individuals to potential neuroimmunological dysregulations. This paper reviews the current understanding of mycotoxins’ neuro-immunotoxic features under low-dose exposure and the possible ways for detoxification and clearance as a perspective.
ISSN:0944-1344
1614-7499
DOI:10.1007/s11356-021-14146-4