Loading…

Potassium Plus Biopolymer Coating Controls Nitrogen Dynamics of Urea in Soil and Increases Wheat Production

The low nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) of commercial fertilizers is one of the main hurdles in higher crop production and reduction of fertilizer N losses to the environment. However, interactions between most the macronutrients could have synergistic outcomes that affect crop NUE. The coatin...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published in:Coatings (Basel) 2021-07, Vol.11 (7), p.804
Main Authors: Nezami, Qurat-ul-Ain, Abbas Shah, Ghulam, Hassan, Zeshan, Niazi, Muhammad Bilal Khan, Sadiq, Maqsood, Bran, Atiku, Arthur, Kamusiime, Iqbal, Zahid, Mahmood, Imran, Ali, Nadeem, Rashid, Muhammad Imtiaz
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Citations: Items that this one cites
Items that cite this one
Online Access:Get full text
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
cited_by cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c313t-d11d77a42d7ad9f1757cfa79858b1cea295eeede11660b612bfd8466884ee8213
cites cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c313t-d11d77a42d7ad9f1757cfa79858b1cea295eeede11660b612bfd8466884ee8213
container_end_page
container_issue 7
container_start_page 804
container_title Coatings (Basel)
container_volume 11
creator Nezami, Qurat-ul-Ain
Abbas Shah, Ghulam
Hassan, Zeshan
Niazi, Muhammad Bilal Khan
Sadiq, Maqsood
Bran, Atiku
Arthur, Kamusiime
Iqbal, Zahid
Mahmood, Imran
Ali, Nadeem
Rashid, Muhammad Imtiaz
description The low nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) of commercial fertilizers is one of the main hurdles in higher crop production and reduction of fertilizer N losses to the environment. However, interactions between most the macronutrients could have synergistic outcomes that affect crop NUE. The coating of urea with macronutrients and biopolymers may control N release and synergistically impact its crop NUE. In this study, urea was coated with 3% of different polymers, combined with 5% potassium iodide (KI) (i) Gum Arabica (GA + KI), (ii) polyvinyl alcohol (PVA + KI), and (iii) gelatin (Gelatin + KI) to control its N release, leaching, and increase of wheat NUE. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses confirmed the successful coating of all KI and biopolymer combinations on urea granules. All coating combinations slowed down urea release in water and reduced its leaching from the soil, but the highest reduction in both parameters was observed with the GA + KI treatment, compared to the uncoated urea. After soil application, GA + KI decreased urea leaching by 26% than the uncoated urea in lysimeter. In the field, soil mineral N remained significantly high with the GA + KI and PVA + KI treatments at the wheat tillering, booting, grain filling and maturity stages, compared to the uncoated urea. However, K content was only high (28%) with the GA + KI treatment at final harvest. Likewise, microbial biomass N was only high with GA + KI at grain filling (20%) and maturity stages (24%) than the uncoated urea. Such synchronized N availability led to high wheat grain yield (28%), N (56%) uptake, and apparent N recovery (130%) with the GA + KI treatment, compared to the uncoated fertilizer. The increment in NUE with GA + KI could be due to the synergistic effect of K on N availability; therefore, we observed higher wheat yield and N utilization efficiency with this treatment. Hence, urea coated with macronutrient (K) plus biopolymer is recommended to improve wheat yield, NUE, and for reduction of environmental N losses.
doi_str_mv 10.3390/coatings11070804
format article
fullrecord <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_journals_2554482094</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2554482094</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c313t-d11d77a42d7ad9f1757cfa79858b1cea295eeede11660b612bfd8466884ee8213</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNpdkM1LAzEUxIMoWGrvHgOeV_OS7CY5av0qiBa0eFzSJFtTd5Oa7B7637tSD-JcfsNjmAeD0DmQS8YUuTJR9z5sMgARRBJ-hCaUCFVUHOjxH3-KZjlvySgFTIKaoM9l7HXOfujwsh0yvvFxF9t95xKeH0pHhj7FNuNnP3LjAr7dB915k3Fs8Co5jX3Ar9G3WAeLF8GMp-wyfv9wusfLFO1geh_DGTppdJvd7JdTtLq_e5s_Fk8vD4v59VNhGLC-sABWCM2pFdqqBkQpTKOFkqVcg3GaqtI5Zx1AVZF1BXTdWMmrSkrunKTApuji0LtL8Wtwua-3cUhhfFnTsuRcUqL4mCKHlEkx5-Saepd8p9O-BlL_rFr_X5V9AxgbbWk</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2554482094</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Potassium Plus Biopolymer Coating Controls Nitrogen Dynamics of Urea in Soil and Increases Wheat Production</title><source>Publicly Available Content (ProQuest)</source><creator>Nezami, Qurat-ul-Ain ; Abbas Shah, Ghulam ; Hassan, Zeshan ; Niazi, Muhammad Bilal Khan ; Sadiq, Maqsood ; Bran, Atiku ; Arthur, Kamusiime ; Iqbal, Zahid ; Mahmood, Imran ; Ali, Nadeem ; Rashid, Muhammad Imtiaz</creator><creatorcontrib>Nezami, Qurat-ul-Ain ; Abbas Shah, Ghulam ; Hassan, Zeshan ; Niazi, Muhammad Bilal Khan ; Sadiq, Maqsood ; Bran, Atiku ; Arthur, Kamusiime ; Iqbal, Zahid ; Mahmood, Imran ; Ali, Nadeem ; Rashid, Muhammad Imtiaz</creatorcontrib><description>The low nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) of commercial fertilizers is one of the main hurdles in higher crop production and reduction of fertilizer N losses to the environment. However, interactions between most the macronutrients could have synergistic outcomes that affect crop NUE. The coating of urea with macronutrients and biopolymers may control N release and synergistically impact its crop NUE. In this study, urea was coated with 3% of different polymers, combined with 5% potassium iodide (KI) (i) Gum Arabica (GA + KI), (ii) polyvinyl alcohol (PVA + KI), and (iii) gelatin (Gelatin + KI) to control its N release, leaching, and increase of wheat NUE. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses confirmed the successful coating of all KI and biopolymer combinations on urea granules. All coating combinations slowed down urea release in water and reduced its leaching from the soil, but the highest reduction in both parameters was observed with the GA + KI treatment, compared to the uncoated urea. After soil application, GA + KI decreased urea leaching by 26% than the uncoated urea in lysimeter. In the field, soil mineral N remained significantly high with the GA + KI and PVA + KI treatments at the wheat tillering, booting, grain filling and maturity stages, compared to the uncoated urea. However, K content was only high (28%) with the GA + KI treatment at final harvest. Likewise, microbial biomass N was only high with GA + KI at grain filling (20%) and maturity stages (24%) than the uncoated urea. Such synchronized N availability led to high wheat grain yield (28%), N (56%) uptake, and apparent N recovery (130%) with the GA + KI treatment, compared to the uncoated fertilizer. The increment in NUE with GA + KI could be due to the synergistic effect of K on N availability; therefore, we observed higher wheat yield and N utilization efficiency with this treatment. Hence, urea coated with macronutrient (K) plus biopolymer is recommended to improve wheat yield, NUE, and for reduction of environmental N losses.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2079-6412</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2079-6412</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/coatings11070804</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Availability ; Biopolymers ; Cellulose ; Coating ; Crop production ; Crop yield ; Fertilizers ; Fourier transforms ; Gelatin ; Grain ; Infrared analysis ; Leaching ; Lignin ; Microorganisms ; Nitrogen ; Nutrients ; Polymers ; Polyvinyl alcohol ; Potassium ; Potassium iodides ; Protective coatings ; Reduction ; Soil dynamics ; Soils ; Spectrum analysis ; Sulfur ; Synergistic effect ; Ureas ; Wheat</subject><ispartof>Coatings (Basel), 2021-07, Vol.11 (7), p.804</ispartof><rights>2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c313t-d11d77a42d7ad9f1757cfa79858b1cea295eeede11660b612bfd8466884ee8213</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c313t-d11d77a42d7ad9f1757cfa79858b1cea295eeede11660b612bfd8466884ee8213</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-5586-3271 ; 0000-0002-5178-4445 ; 0000-0003-2781-404X ; 0000-0001-6658-6989</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/2554482094/fulltextPDF?pq-origsite=primo$$EPDF$$P50$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/2554482094?pq-origsite=primo$$EHTML$$P50$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,25733,27903,27904,36991,44569,74872</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Nezami, Qurat-ul-Ain</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Abbas Shah, Ghulam</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hassan, Zeshan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Niazi, Muhammad Bilal Khan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sadiq, Maqsood</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bran, Atiku</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Arthur, Kamusiime</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Iqbal, Zahid</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mahmood, Imran</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ali, Nadeem</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rashid, Muhammad Imtiaz</creatorcontrib><title>Potassium Plus Biopolymer Coating Controls Nitrogen Dynamics of Urea in Soil and Increases Wheat Production</title><title>Coatings (Basel)</title><description>The low nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) of commercial fertilizers is one of the main hurdles in higher crop production and reduction of fertilizer N losses to the environment. However, interactions between most the macronutrients could have synergistic outcomes that affect crop NUE. The coating of urea with macronutrients and biopolymers may control N release and synergistically impact its crop NUE. In this study, urea was coated with 3% of different polymers, combined with 5% potassium iodide (KI) (i) Gum Arabica (GA + KI), (ii) polyvinyl alcohol (PVA + KI), and (iii) gelatin (Gelatin + KI) to control its N release, leaching, and increase of wheat NUE. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses confirmed the successful coating of all KI and biopolymer combinations on urea granules. All coating combinations slowed down urea release in water and reduced its leaching from the soil, but the highest reduction in both parameters was observed with the GA + KI treatment, compared to the uncoated urea. After soil application, GA + KI decreased urea leaching by 26% than the uncoated urea in lysimeter. In the field, soil mineral N remained significantly high with the GA + KI and PVA + KI treatments at the wheat tillering, booting, grain filling and maturity stages, compared to the uncoated urea. However, K content was only high (28%) with the GA + KI treatment at final harvest. Likewise, microbial biomass N was only high with GA + KI at grain filling (20%) and maturity stages (24%) than the uncoated urea. Such synchronized N availability led to high wheat grain yield (28%), N (56%) uptake, and apparent N recovery (130%) with the GA + KI treatment, compared to the uncoated fertilizer. The increment in NUE with GA + KI could be due to the synergistic effect of K on N availability; therefore, we observed higher wheat yield and N utilization efficiency with this treatment. Hence, urea coated with macronutrient (K) plus biopolymer is recommended to improve wheat yield, NUE, and for reduction of environmental N losses.</description><subject>Availability</subject><subject>Biopolymers</subject><subject>Cellulose</subject><subject>Coating</subject><subject>Crop production</subject><subject>Crop yield</subject><subject>Fertilizers</subject><subject>Fourier transforms</subject><subject>Gelatin</subject><subject>Grain</subject><subject>Infrared analysis</subject><subject>Leaching</subject><subject>Lignin</subject><subject>Microorganisms</subject><subject>Nitrogen</subject><subject>Nutrients</subject><subject>Polymers</subject><subject>Polyvinyl alcohol</subject><subject>Potassium</subject><subject>Potassium iodides</subject><subject>Protective coatings</subject><subject>Reduction</subject><subject>Soil dynamics</subject><subject>Soils</subject><subject>Spectrum analysis</subject><subject>Sulfur</subject><subject>Synergistic effect</subject><subject>Ureas</subject><subject>Wheat</subject><issn>2079-6412</issn><issn>2079-6412</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>PIMPY</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkM1LAzEUxIMoWGrvHgOeV_OS7CY5av0qiBa0eFzSJFtTd5Oa7B7637tSD-JcfsNjmAeD0DmQS8YUuTJR9z5sMgARRBJ-hCaUCFVUHOjxH3-KZjlvySgFTIKaoM9l7HXOfujwsh0yvvFxF9t95xKeH0pHhj7FNuNnP3LjAr7dB915k3Fs8Co5jX3Ar9G3WAeLF8GMp-wyfv9wusfLFO1geh_DGTppdJvd7JdTtLq_e5s_Fk8vD4v59VNhGLC-sABWCM2pFdqqBkQpTKOFkqVcg3GaqtI5Zx1AVZF1BXTdWMmrSkrunKTApuji0LtL8Wtwua-3cUhhfFnTsuRcUqL4mCKHlEkx5-Saepd8p9O-BlL_rFr_X5V9AxgbbWk</recordid><startdate>20210701</startdate><enddate>20210701</enddate><creator>Nezami, Qurat-ul-Ain</creator><creator>Abbas Shah, Ghulam</creator><creator>Hassan, Zeshan</creator><creator>Niazi, Muhammad Bilal Khan</creator><creator>Sadiq, Maqsood</creator><creator>Bran, Atiku</creator><creator>Arthur, Kamusiime</creator><creator>Iqbal, Zahid</creator><creator>Mahmood, Imran</creator><creator>Ali, Nadeem</creator><creator>Rashid, Muhammad Imtiaz</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7SR</scope><scope>8BQ</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>JG9</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5586-3271</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5178-4445</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2781-404X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6658-6989</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20210701</creationdate><title>Potassium Plus Biopolymer Coating Controls Nitrogen Dynamics of Urea in Soil and Increases Wheat Production</title><author>Nezami, Qurat-ul-Ain ; Abbas Shah, Ghulam ; Hassan, Zeshan ; Niazi, Muhammad Bilal Khan ; Sadiq, Maqsood ; Bran, Atiku ; Arthur, Kamusiime ; Iqbal, Zahid ; Mahmood, Imran ; Ali, Nadeem ; Rashid, Muhammad Imtiaz</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c313t-d11d77a42d7ad9f1757cfa79858b1cea295eeede11660b612bfd8466884ee8213</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Availability</topic><topic>Biopolymers</topic><topic>Cellulose</topic><topic>Coating</topic><topic>Crop production</topic><topic>Crop yield</topic><topic>Fertilizers</topic><topic>Fourier transforms</topic><topic>Gelatin</topic><topic>Grain</topic><topic>Infrared analysis</topic><topic>Leaching</topic><topic>Lignin</topic><topic>Microorganisms</topic><topic>Nitrogen</topic><topic>Nutrients</topic><topic>Polymers</topic><topic>Polyvinyl alcohol</topic><topic>Potassium</topic><topic>Potassium iodides</topic><topic>Protective coatings</topic><topic>Reduction</topic><topic>Soil dynamics</topic><topic>Soils</topic><topic>Spectrum analysis</topic><topic>Sulfur</topic><topic>Synergistic effect</topic><topic>Ureas</topic><topic>Wheat</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Nezami, Qurat-ul-Ain</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Abbas Shah, Ghulam</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hassan, Zeshan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Niazi, Muhammad Bilal Khan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sadiq, Maqsood</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bran, Atiku</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Arthur, Kamusiime</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Iqbal, Zahid</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mahmood, Imran</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ali, Nadeem</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rashid, Muhammad Imtiaz</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Engineered Materials Abstracts</collection><collection>METADEX</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>Materials Science &amp; Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>Materials Research Database</collection><collection>Materials Science Database</collection><collection>Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content (ProQuest)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><jtitle>Coatings (Basel)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Nezami, Qurat-ul-Ain</au><au>Abbas Shah, Ghulam</au><au>Hassan, Zeshan</au><au>Niazi, Muhammad Bilal Khan</au><au>Sadiq, Maqsood</au><au>Bran, Atiku</au><au>Arthur, Kamusiime</au><au>Iqbal, Zahid</au><au>Mahmood, Imran</au><au>Ali, Nadeem</au><au>Rashid, Muhammad Imtiaz</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Potassium Plus Biopolymer Coating Controls Nitrogen Dynamics of Urea in Soil and Increases Wheat Production</atitle><jtitle>Coatings (Basel)</jtitle><date>2021-07-01</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>11</volume><issue>7</issue><spage>804</spage><pages>804-</pages><issn>2079-6412</issn><eissn>2079-6412</eissn><abstract>The low nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) of commercial fertilizers is one of the main hurdles in higher crop production and reduction of fertilizer N losses to the environment. However, interactions between most the macronutrients could have synergistic outcomes that affect crop NUE. The coating of urea with macronutrients and biopolymers may control N release and synergistically impact its crop NUE. In this study, urea was coated with 3% of different polymers, combined with 5% potassium iodide (KI) (i) Gum Arabica (GA + KI), (ii) polyvinyl alcohol (PVA + KI), and (iii) gelatin (Gelatin + KI) to control its N release, leaching, and increase of wheat NUE. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses confirmed the successful coating of all KI and biopolymer combinations on urea granules. All coating combinations slowed down urea release in water and reduced its leaching from the soil, but the highest reduction in both parameters was observed with the GA + KI treatment, compared to the uncoated urea. After soil application, GA + KI decreased urea leaching by 26% than the uncoated urea in lysimeter. In the field, soil mineral N remained significantly high with the GA + KI and PVA + KI treatments at the wheat tillering, booting, grain filling and maturity stages, compared to the uncoated urea. However, K content was only high (28%) with the GA + KI treatment at final harvest. Likewise, microbial biomass N was only high with GA + KI at grain filling (20%) and maturity stages (24%) than the uncoated urea. Such synchronized N availability led to high wheat grain yield (28%), N (56%) uptake, and apparent N recovery (130%) with the GA + KI treatment, compared to the uncoated fertilizer. The increment in NUE with GA + KI could be due to the synergistic effect of K on N availability; therefore, we observed higher wheat yield and N utilization efficiency with this treatment. Hence, urea coated with macronutrient (K) plus biopolymer is recommended to improve wheat yield, NUE, and for reduction of environmental N losses.</abstract><cop>Basel</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><doi>10.3390/coatings11070804</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5586-3271</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5178-4445</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2781-404X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6658-6989</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
fulltext fulltext
identifier ISSN: 2079-6412
ispartof Coatings (Basel), 2021-07, Vol.11 (7), p.804
issn 2079-6412
2079-6412
language eng
recordid cdi_proquest_journals_2554482094
source Publicly Available Content (ProQuest)
subjects Availability
Biopolymers
Cellulose
Coating
Crop production
Crop yield
Fertilizers
Fourier transforms
Gelatin
Grain
Infrared analysis
Leaching
Lignin
Microorganisms
Nitrogen
Nutrients
Polymers
Polyvinyl alcohol
Potassium
Potassium iodides
Protective coatings
Reduction
Soil dynamics
Soils
Spectrum analysis
Sulfur
Synergistic effect
Ureas
Wheat
title Potassium Plus Biopolymer Coating Controls Nitrogen Dynamics of Urea in Soil and Increases Wheat Production
url http://sfxeu10.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/loughborough?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-28T02%3A41%3A39IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_cross&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Potassium%20Plus%20Biopolymer%20Coating%20Controls%20Nitrogen%20Dynamics%20of%20Urea%20in%20Soil%20and%20Increases%20Wheat%20Production&rft.jtitle=Coatings%20(Basel)&rft.au=Nezami,%20Qurat-ul-Ain&rft.date=2021-07-01&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=7&rft.spage=804&rft.pages=804-&rft.issn=2079-6412&rft.eissn=2079-6412&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390/coatings11070804&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_cross%3E2554482094%3C/proquest_cross%3E%3Cgrp_id%3Ecdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c313t-d11d77a42d7ad9f1757cfa79858b1cea295eeede11660b612bfd8466884ee8213%3C/grp_id%3E%3Coa%3E%3C/oa%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2554482094&rft_id=info:pmid/&rfr_iscdi=true