Jainism in Danger? Temple entry and the rhetoric of religion and reform in post-colonial India

• Published in: Modern Asian studies 2021-09, Vol.55 (5), p.1718-1754
• Main Author: SETHI, MANISHA
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 20th century; Caste; Censuses; Closeness; Freedom of religion; Hinduism; Hindus; Inheritances; Jainism; Law; Litigation; Minority groups; Morality; Nationalism; Postcolonialism; Religion; Rhetoric; Temples; Values
• ISSN: 0026-749X; 1469-8099
• DOI: 10.1017/S0026749X20000402

A bitter debate broke out in the Digambar Jain community in the middle of the twentieth century following the passage of the Bombay Harijan Temple Entry Act in 1947, which continued until well after the promulgation of the Untouchability (Offences) Act 1955. These laws included Jains in the definition of ‘Hindu’, and thus threw open the doors of Jain temples to formerly Untouchable castes. In the eyes of its Jain opponents, this was a frontal and terrible assault on the integrity and sanctity of the Jain dharma. Those who called themselves reformists, on the other hand, insisted on the closeness between Jainism and Hinduism. Temple entry laws and the public debates over caste became occasions for the Jains not only to examine their distance—or closeness—to Hinduism, but also the relationship between their community and the state, which came to be imagined as predominantly Hindu. This article, by focusing on the Jains and this forgotten episode, hopes to illuminate the civilizational categories underlying state practices and the fraught relationship between nationalism and minorities.