Black Bears Select Large Woody Structures for Dens in Southeast Alaska

• Published in: The Journal of wildlife management 2021-09, Vol.85 (7), p.1450-1461
• Main Authors: PORTER, BOYD, GREGOVICH, DAVID P., CRUPI, ANTHONY P., PENDLETON, GREY W., BETHUNE, STEPHEN W.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Area; Bears; black bear; denning; Dens; Diameters; Habitat Relations; Home range; Life history; Logging; Prince of Wales Island; Rainforests; resource selection; Southeast Alaska; Timber; Trees; Ursus americanus; Wildlife; Wildlife habitats; Wildlife management
• ISSN: 0022-541X; 1937-2817
• DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.22097

Timber interests target coastal temperate rainforests, and within them stands composed of large trees potentially selected by American black bears (Ursus americanus) for denning. We identified the location of 75 black bear dens (used ≥14 days) in an intensively logged area on Prince of Wales Island, Alaska, USA. We ground-visited a subset (n = 43) of these sites to measure the diameter of living trees and woody structures used by black bears for denning. We contrasted dens with random trees available in the study area in a series of models to characterize black bear den selection. All but 1 of 43 ground-visited dens were located within woody structures, and all but 2 of these structures were >1 m diameter at breast height (dbh). We built resource selection functions (RSFs) to investigate black bear den selection across a range of spatial scales, though estimated selection was generally scale invariant. Black bears strongly selected largediameter woody structures (dead or alive) as dens at the home-range scale, with the estimated relative strength of selection (RSS) for a 2-m-diameter tree approximately 166 times that of a 1-m-diameter tree. The estimated RSS of logged forest was unexpectedly greater (2.75 times) than that of the remaining commercially valuable old-growth forest. Selection for den structures within stumps in previously logged stands suggests features of the woody structure may be of greater importance to black bears selecting dens than attributes of the surrounding forest. There was no observed correlation between bear den selection and second-growth age, indicating that stumps may persist as suitable dens well after logging. Because denning is an important part of their life history and the denning structures used by black bears on Prince of Wales Island will eventually decay, retaining habitat value for bears in areas intensively managed for timber harvest requires strategies to recruit very large, old trees throughout the landscape.