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A Comparative Study of Conceptual Model Complexity to Describe Water Flow and Nitrate Transport in Deep Unsaturated Loess

Understanding nitrate migration through the deep vadose zone is essential for aquifer vulnerability assessments. The effect of variability of physical properties of the deep vadose zone on nitrate transport has been scarcely explored. Recently, deep nitrate storage profiles were determined in the va...

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Published in:Water resources research 2021-08, Vol.57 (8), p.n/a
Main Authors: Turkeltaub, Tuvia, Jia, Xiaoxu, Zhu, Yuanjun, Shao, Ming‐An, Binley, Andrew
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description Understanding nitrate migration through the deep vadose zone is essential for aquifer vulnerability assessments. The effect of variability of physical properties of the deep vadose zone on nitrate transport has been scarcely explored. Recently, deep nitrate storage profiles were determined in the vadose zone of the Loess Plateau of China. Using these observations along with measured soil properties, this study investigates the effect of loess vertical heterogeneity on water movement and nitrate transport through the deep vadose zone. Models of different complexity were established and calibrated. First, a simple piston flow and nitrate mass balance approach was calibrated to the observed nitrate storage. The results indicate that the total nitrate storage is estimated well, while the estimation of the distribution of nitrate is relatively poor. Subsequently, Richards' equation and the Advection‐Dispersion equation were evaluated. Three different conceptualizations of the numerical models were calibrated against deep vadose zone nitrate and water content observations: (1) one‐layer model assuming homogenous loess vadose zone; (2) a model that considers a hydraulic conductivity (Ks) decay function and (3) a model where the Miller‐Miller scaling factors are prescribed to account for changes of the hydraulic functions with depth. Accounting for the vertical Ks decay in the numerical models improved water flow performances. The study reveals the adequacy of implementing water flow and nitrate transport numerical models together with a simple representation of the vertical loess variability, for simulating nitrate migration in loess deep vadose zone environments. Plain Language Summary Enhanced concentration of nitrate in groundwater is a global problem. The source of such nitrate is commonly linked to agricultural practices, in particular the use of fertilizers. The intensive development of China in the last few decades has put at risk many groundwater systems, such as the unconfined aquifer of the Loess Plateau of China (LPC). Understanding the fate and travel times of nitrate through the LPC vadose zone before its arrival at the water table would help sustain groundwater systems and identify areas requiring changes in land use management. The current study examines various modeling approaches for nitrate transport estimations in the LPC vadose zone. Four modeling approaches with different complexities are tested: A simple mass‐balance model and more sophistic
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The effect of variability of physical properties of the deep vadose zone on nitrate transport has been scarcely explored. Recently, deep nitrate storage profiles were determined in the vadose zone of the Loess Plateau of China. Using these observations along with measured soil properties, this study investigates the effect of loess vertical heterogeneity on water movement and nitrate transport through the deep vadose zone. Models of different complexity were established and calibrated. First, a simple piston flow and nitrate mass balance approach was calibrated to the observed nitrate storage. The results indicate that the total nitrate storage is estimated well, while the estimation of the distribution of nitrate is relatively poor. Subsequently, Richards' equation and the Advection‐Dispersion equation were evaluated. Three different conceptualizations of the numerical models were calibrated against deep vadose zone nitrate and water content observations: (1) one‐layer model assuming homogenous loess vadose zone; (2) a model that considers a hydraulic conductivity (Ks) decay function and (3) a model where the Miller‐Miller scaling factors are prescribed to account for changes of the hydraulic functions with depth. Accounting for the vertical Ks decay in the numerical models improved water flow performances. The study reveals the adequacy of implementing water flow and nitrate transport numerical models together with a simple representation of the vertical loess variability, for simulating nitrate migration in loess deep vadose zone environments. Plain Language Summary Enhanced concentration of nitrate in groundwater is a global problem. The source of such nitrate is commonly linked to agricultural practices, in particular the use of fertilizers. The intensive development of China in the last few decades has put at risk many groundwater systems, such as the unconfined aquifer of the Loess Plateau of China (LPC). Understanding the fate and travel times of nitrate through the LPC vadose zone before its arrival at the water table would help sustain groundwater systems and identify areas requiring changes in land use management. The current study examines various modeling approaches for nitrate transport estimations in the LPC vadose zone. Four modeling approaches with different complexities are tested: A simple mass‐balance model and more sophisticated numerical models that include different methods to represent the vertical variability of loess physical properties. The study reveals that water flow and nitrate transport numerical models together with a simple representation of the vertical loess variability is the preferable approach for describing nitrate transport in loess environments. Key Points Examination of how complex a model needs to be for the simulation of water and nitrate movement in deep unsaturated loess The performance of a combined Richards' equation and Advection‐Dispersion equation approach is superior to a simplistic piston flow model Using a Ks decay function to represent loess vertical variability in numerical models improves unsaturated water flow predictions</description><identifier>ISSN: 0043-1397</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1944-7973</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1029/2020WR029250</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Washington: John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc</publisher><subject>Adequacy ; Advection ; Agricultural practices ; Aquifers ; Calibration ; Comparative analysis ; Comparative studies ; Complexity ; Decay ; deep loess vadose zone ; Depth profiling ; Fertilizers ; Groundwater ; Groundwater flow ; Groundwater table ; Heterogeneity ; Hydraulic conductivity ; Land management ; Land use ; Land use management ; Loess ; loess vertical variability ; Mass balance ; Mathematical analysis ; Mathematical models ; Modelling ; Moisture content ; nitrate transport ; nitrate travel time ; Nitrates ; Numerical models ; Physical properties ; Representations ; Risk assessment ; Scaling ; Scaling factors ; Soil investigations ; Soil properties ; Storage ; Transport ; Unconfined aquifers ; Vadose water ; Variability ; Vulnerability ; Water content ; Water flow ; Water table</subject><ispartof>Water resources research, 2021-08, Vol.57 (8), p.n/a</ispartof><rights>2021. 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subjects Adequacy
Advection
Agricultural practices
Aquifers
Calibration
Comparative analysis
Comparative studies
Complexity
Decay
deep loess vadose zone
Depth profiling
Fertilizers
Groundwater
Groundwater flow
Groundwater table
Heterogeneity
Hydraulic conductivity
Land management
Land use
Land use management
Loess
loess vertical variability
Mass balance
Mathematical analysis
Mathematical models
Modelling
Moisture content
nitrate transport
nitrate travel time
Nitrates
Numerical models
Physical properties
Representations
Risk assessment
Scaling
Scaling factors
Soil investigations
Soil properties
Storage
Transport
Unconfined aquifers
Vadose water
Variability
Vulnerability
Water content
Water flow
Water table
title A Comparative Study of Conceptual Model Complexity to Describe Water Flow and Nitrate Transport in Deep Unsaturated Loess
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