Clutter Distributions for Tomographic Image Standardization in Ground-Penetrating Radar

• Published in: IEEE transactions on geoscience and remote sensing 2021-09, Vol.59 (9), p.7957-7967
• Main Authors: Worthmann, Brian M., Chambers, David H., Perlmutter, David S., Mast, Jeffrey E., Paglieroni, David W., Pechard, Christian T., Stevenson, Garrett A., Bond, Steven W.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Algorithms; Arrays; Attenuation; Attenuation coefficients; Clutter; Distribution; Extinction coefficient; Ground penetrating radar; ground-penetrating radar (GPR); landmine detection; Log-normal distribution; Normal distribution; Parameters; Penetration depth; Radar; Radar imaging; Shape; Spatial variations; Standardization; Statistical analysis; Statistical methods; Tomography; Transmitting antennas; Weibull distribution
• ISSN: 0196-2892; 1558-0644
• DOI: 10.1109/TGRS.2021.3051566

Multistatic ground-penetrating radar (GPR) signals can be imaged tomographically to produce 3-D distributions of image intensities. In the absence of objects of interest, these intensities can be considered to be estimates of clutter. These clutter intensities spatially vary over several orders of magnitude and vary across different arrays, which makes a direct comparison of these raw intensities difficult. However, by gathering statistics on these intensities and their spatial variation, a variety of metrics can be determined. In this study, the clutter distribution is found to fit better to a two-parameter Weibull distribution than Gaussian or log-normal distributions. Based on the spatial variation of the two Weibull parameters, scale and shape, more information may be gleaned from these data. How well the GPR array is illuminating various parts of the ground, in depth and cross track, may be determined from the spatial variation of the Weibull scale parameter, which may in turn be used to estimate an effective attenuation coefficient in the soil. The transition in depth from clutter- to noise-limited conditions (which is one possible definition of GPR penetration depth) can be estimated from the spatial variation of the Weibull shape parameter. Finally, the underlying clutter distributions also provide an opportunity to standardize image intensities to determine when a statistically significant deviation from background (clutter) has occurred, which is convenient for buried threat detection algorithm development that needs to be robust across multiple different arrays.