Alzheimer’s disease: a step closer to understanding type 3 diabetes in African Americans

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States and the most common cause of adult-onset dementia. Recent results suggest an increased prevalence and severity in African Americans compared to Caucasians. Our understanding of the potential mechanism(s) underlying th...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Metabolic brain disease 2021-10, Vol.36 (7), p.1803-1816
Main Authors: Ferguson, Sherry A., Panos, John J., Sloper, Daniel, Varma, Vijayalakshmi, Sarkar, Sumit
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adult
African Americans
Alzheimer Disease
Alzheimer's disease
Assaying
Autopsy
Biochemistry
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Biomedicine
Cerebrospinal fluid
Chemokines
Cytokines
Dementia disorders
Diabetes
Diabetes Mellitus
Ethnicity
Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide
Ghrelin
Glucagon
Glucagon-like peptide 1
Humans
Insulin
Leptin
Metabolic Diseases
Minority & ethnic groups
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Neurology
Neurosciences
Oncology
Original Article
Peptides
Polypeptides
White people
Whites
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Summary:Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States and the most common cause of adult-onset dementia. Recent results suggest an increased prevalence and severity in African Americans compared to Caucasians. Our understanding of the potential mechanism(s) underlying this ethnicity difference is limited. We previously described ethnicity-related differences in levels of neurodegenerative proteins and cytokines/chemokines in the BA21 region of African Americans and Caucasians with AD. Here, similar multiplex assays were used to examine those endpoints in patient postmortem cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Additionally, we measured levels of C-peptide, ghrelin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucagon, insulin, leptin, PAI-1, resistin, and visfatin using a human diabetes 10-plex assay. The cytokine and chemokine assays revealed that levels of 26 chemokines or cytokines differed significantly with ethnicity, and three of those were significantly associated with gender. The neurodegenerative disease panel indicated that levels of soluble RAGE were significantly elevated in African Americans compared to Caucasians. All measures in the diabetes disease panel assay were significantly elevated in African Americans: ghrelin, GIP, GLP-1, glucagon, insulin, and visfatin. Through peripheral sample analysis, these results provide further evidence that ethnicity is critically involved in the manifestation of AD.
ISSN:0885-7490
1573-7365
DOI:10.1007/s11011-021-00754-z