Time parametrizations in long-range interacting Bose-Einstein condensates

Time-reparametrization invariance in general relativistic space-time does not allow us to single out a time in quantum mechanics in a mechanical way of measurement. Motivated by this problem, we examine this gauge invariance in the ground state of the quasi-stationary coarse-grained state of a long-...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of physics communications 2021-09, Vol.5 (9), p.95012
Main Author: Konishi, Eiji
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Bose–Einstein condensation
self-gravitating system
spontaneous symmetry breaking
superselection rule
the problem of time
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Summary:Time-reparametrization invariance in general relativistic space-time does not allow us to single out a time in quantum mechanics in a mechanical way of measurement. Motivated by this problem, we examine this gauge invariance in the ground state of the quasi-stationary coarse-grained state of a long-range interacting closed system of identical or identified, macroscopic, and spatiotemporally inhomogeneous Bose–Einstein condensates in the thermodynamic and Newtonian limits. As a result, we find that it is a theoretical counterexample of this gauge invariance, except for proper-time translational invariance, at a coarse-grained level.
ISSN:2399-6528
2399-6528
DOI:10.1088/2399-6528/ac261e