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GM-CSF-producing lymphocytes in tumor-draining lymph nodes of patients with bladder cancer

BackgroundBladder cancer (BC) is the tenth common cancer worldwide. Despite progress in treatment and the use of chemotherapoeutic drugs, the survival rate of BC patients is still low. Manipulation of the immune system was recently introduced as an interesting alternative treatment for this immunoge...

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Published in:European cytokine network (Montrouge) 2021-03, Vol.32 (1), p.1-7
Main Authors: Ariafar, Ali, Zareinejad, Mohammadrasul, Soltani, Mohammadreza, vahidi, Yasmin, Faghih, Zahra
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container_title European cytokine network (Montrouge)
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Zareinejad, Mohammadrasul
Soltani, Mohammadreza
vahidi, Yasmin
Faghih, Zahra
description BackgroundBladder cancer (BC) is the tenth common cancer worldwide. Despite progress in treatment and the use of chemotherapoeutic drugs, the survival rate of BC patients is still low. Manipulation of the immune system was recently introduced as an interesting alternative treatment for this immunogenic cancer with fewer side effects. Accordingly, in the present study, we assessed the frequency of GM-CSF-producing lymphocytes in tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs) of BC patients and evaluated their relationship with clinicopathological factors and survival rate.MethodsFifty-four patients with BC who had received no treatment were recruited. Mononuclear cells were isolated from fresh homogenized lymph nodes by centrifugation over Ficoll-Hypaque, activated and subsequently analyzed by flow cytometry for the cell surface expression of CD4 and CD8 and the intracellular production of GM-CSF.ResultsFlow cytometric analysis revealed that 4.97 ± 2.7% of lymphocytes in TDLNs of patients with BC produced GM-CSF. The mean frequency of GM-CSF-producing cells was 5.5% among CD4+ lymphocytes and 11.7% in the CD8+ population. Elevated frequencies of GM-CSF-producing lymphocytes, as well as a higher production of GM-CSF by CD4+ lymphocytes was observed in the patients with tumor-free lymph nodes, as compared to those with at least one tumor-infiltrated lymph node (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the lower frequency of GM-CSF-producing CD4+ lymphocytes (ThGM) was associated with improved overall, but not one-year, survival. No other significant relationship was observed between clinicopathological parameters and the frequency of GM-CSF-producing subsets.ConclusionCollectively, our findings suggest a protective role for GM-CSF in the early stages of BC; however, the unfavorable association of ThGM frequency with survival rate may imply a more complex role for this cytokine in BC.
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Despite progress in treatment and the use of chemotherapoeutic drugs, the survival rate of BC patients is still low. Manipulation of the immune system was recently introduced as an interesting alternative treatment for this immunogenic cancer with fewer side effects. Accordingly, in the present study, we assessed the frequency of GM-CSF-producing lymphocytes in tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs) of BC patients and evaluated their relationship with clinicopathological factors and survival rate.MethodsFifty-four patients with BC who had received no treatment were recruited. Mononuclear cells were isolated from fresh homogenized lymph nodes by centrifugation over Ficoll-Hypaque, activated and subsequently analyzed by flow cytometry for the cell surface expression of CD4 and CD8 and the intracellular production of GM-CSF.ResultsFlow cytometric analysis revealed that 4.97 ± 2.7% of lymphocytes in TDLNs of patients with BC produced GM-CSF. The mean frequency of GM-CSF-producing cells was 5.5% among CD4+ lymphocytes and 11.7% in the CD8+ population. Elevated frequencies of GM-CSF-producing lymphocytes, as well as a higher production of GM-CSF by CD4+ lymphocytes was observed in the patients with tumor-free lymph nodes, as compared to those with at least one tumor-infiltrated lymph node (p &lt; 0.05). On the other hand, the lower frequency of GM-CSF-producing CD4+ lymphocytes (ThGM) was associated with improved overall, but not one-year, survival. No other significant relationship was observed between clinicopathological parameters and the frequency of GM-CSF-producing subsets.ConclusionCollectively, our findings suggest a protective role for GM-CSF in the early stages of BC; however, the unfavorable association of ThGM frequency with survival rate may imply a more complex role for this cytokine in BC.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1148-5493</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1952-4005</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1684/ecn.2021.0462</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Heidelberg: Springer Nature B.V</publisher><subject>Bladder cancer ; Cancer ; CD4 antigen ; CD8 antigen ; Cell surface ; Centrifugation ; Cytokines ; Flow cytometry ; Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor ; Immune system ; Immunogenicity ; Immunosuppressive agents ; Leukocytes (mononuclear) ; Lymph nodes ; Lymphatic system ; Lymphocytes ; Patients</subject><ispartof>European cytokine network (Montrouge), 2021-03, Vol.32 (1), p.1-7</ispartof><rights>JLE/Springer 2021.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c360t-4351742e42e28e6715dddb50aef9e667d51b750d98b21e9047442d22aec2e7593</citedby></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Ariafar, Ali</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zareinejad, Mohammadrasul</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Soltani, Mohammadreza</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>vahidi, Yasmin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Faghih, Zahra</creatorcontrib><title>GM-CSF-producing lymphocytes in tumor-draining lymph nodes of patients with bladder cancer</title><title>European cytokine network (Montrouge)</title><description>BackgroundBladder cancer (BC) is the tenth common cancer worldwide. Despite progress in treatment and the use of chemotherapoeutic drugs, the survival rate of BC patients is still low. Manipulation of the immune system was recently introduced as an interesting alternative treatment for this immunogenic cancer with fewer side effects. Accordingly, in the present study, we assessed the frequency of GM-CSF-producing lymphocytes in tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs) of BC patients and evaluated their relationship with clinicopathological factors and survival rate.MethodsFifty-four patients with BC who had received no treatment were recruited. Mononuclear cells were isolated from fresh homogenized lymph nodes by centrifugation over Ficoll-Hypaque, activated and subsequently analyzed by flow cytometry for the cell surface expression of CD4 and CD8 and the intracellular production of GM-CSF.ResultsFlow cytometric analysis revealed that 4.97 ± 2.7% of lymphocytes in TDLNs of patients with BC produced GM-CSF. The mean frequency of GM-CSF-producing cells was 5.5% among CD4+ lymphocytes and 11.7% in the CD8+ population. Elevated frequencies of GM-CSF-producing lymphocytes, as well as a higher production of GM-CSF by CD4+ lymphocytes was observed in the patients with tumor-free lymph nodes, as compared to those with at least one tumor-infiltrated lymph node (p &lt; 0.05). On the other hand, the lower frequency of GM-CSF-producing CD4+ lymphocytes (ThGM) was associated with improved overall, but not one-year, survival. No other significant relationship was observed between clinicopathological parameters and the frequency of GM-CSF-producing subsets.ConclusionCollectively, our findings suggest a protective role for GM-CSF in the early stages of BC; however, the unfavorable association of ThGM frequency with survival rate may imply a more complex role for this cytokine in BC.</description><subject>Bladder cancer</subject><subject>Cancer</subject><subject>CD4 antigen</subject><subject>CD8 antigen</subject><subject>Cell surface</subject><subject>Centrifugation</subject><subject>Cytokines</subject><subject>Flow cytometry</subject><subject>Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor</subject><subject>Immune system</subject><subject>Immunogenicity</subject><subject>Immunosuppressive agents</subject><subject>Leukocytes (mononuclear)</subject><subject>Lymph nodes</subject><subject>Lymphatic system</subject><subject>Lymphocytes</subject><subject>Patients</subject><issn>1148-5493</issn><issn>1952-4005</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNo9kM1LAzEQxYMoWKtH7wHPWfO52Ryl2CpUPKgXLyGbzNotbXZNdpH-926pCAMz8B7vMT-EbhktWFnJe_Cx4JSzgsqSn6EZM4oTSak6n24mK6KkEZfoKuctpZwaIWfoc_VCFm9L0qcujL6NX3h32Pebzh8GyLiNeBj3XSIhuTb-qzh2YVK7BvduaCEOGf-0wwbXOxcCJOxd9JCu0UXjdhlu_vYcfSwf3xdPZP26el48rIkXJR2IFIppyWEaXkGpmQoh1Io6aAyUpQ6K1VrRYKqaMzBUail54NyB56CVEXN0d8qdfvgeIQ92240pTpWWK22EUYZXk4ucXD51OSdobJ_avUsHy6g94rMTPnvEZ4_4xC8lvmK9</recordid><startdate>20210301</startdate><enddate>20210301</enddate><creator>Ariafar, Ali</creator><creator>Zareinejad, Mohammadrasul</creator><creator>Soltani, Mohammadreza</creator><creator>vahidi, Yasmin</creator><creator>Faghih, Zahra</creator><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20210301</creationdate><title>GM-CSF-producing lymphocytes in tumor-draining lymph nodes of patients with bladder cancer</title><author>Ariafar, Ali ; Zareinejad, Mohammadrasul ; Soltani, Mohammadreza ; vahidi, Yasmin ; Faghih, Zahra</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c360t-4351742e42e28e6715dddb50aef9e667d51b750d98b21e9047442d22aec2e7593</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Bladder cancer</topic><topic>Cancer</topic><topic>CD4 antigen</topic><topic>CD8 antigen</topic><topic>Cell surface</topic><topic>Centrifugation</topic><topic>Cytokines</topic><topic>Flow cytometry</topic><topic>Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor</topic><topic>Immune system</topic><topic>Immunogenicity</topic><topic>Immunosuppressive agents</topic><topic>Leukocytes (mononuclear)</topic><topic>Lymph nodes</topic><topic>Lymphatic system</topic><topic>Lymphocytes</topic><topic>Patients</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Ariafar, Ali</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zareinejad, Mohammadrasul</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Soltani, Mohammadreza</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>vahidi, Yasmin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Faghih, Zahra</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><jtitle>European cytokine network (Montrouge)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Ariafar, Ali</au><au>Zareinejad, Mohammadrasul</au><au>Soltani, Mohammadreza</au><au>vahidi, Yasmin</au><au>Faghih, Zahra</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>GM-CSF-producing lymphocytes in tumor-draining lymph nodes of patients with bladder cancer</atitle><jtitle>European cytokine network (Montrouge)</jtitle><date>2021-03-01</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>32</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>1</spage><epage>7</epage><pages>1-7</pages><issn>1148-5493</issn><eissn>1952-4005</eissn><abstract>BackgroundBladder cancer (BC) is the tenth common cancer worldwide. Despite progress in treatment and the use of chemotherapoeutic drugs, the survival rate of BC patients is still low. Manipulation of the immune system was recently introduced as an interesting alternative treatment for this immunogenic cancer with fewer side effects. Accordingly, in the present study, we assessed the frequency of GM-CSF-producing lymphocytes in tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs) of BC patients and evaluated their relationship with clinicopathological factors and survival rate.MethodsFifty-four patients with BC who had received no treatment were recruited. Mononuclear cells were isolated from fresh homogenized lymph nodes by centrifugation over Ficoll-Hypaque, activated and subsequently analyzed by flow cytometry for the cell surface expression of CD4 and CD8 and the intracellular production of GM-CSF.ResultsFlow cytometric analysis revealed that 4.97 ± 2.7% of lymphocytes in TDLNs of patients with BC produced GM-CSF. The mean frequency of GM-CSF-producing cells was 5.5% among CD4+ lymphocytes and 11.7% in the CD8+ population. Elevated frequencies of GM-CSF-producing lymphocytes, as well as a higher production of GM-CSF by CD4+ lymphocytes was observed in the patients with tumor-free lymph nodes, as compared to those with at least one tumor-infiltrated lymph node (p &lt; 0.05). On the other hand, the lower frequency of GM-CSF-producing CD4+ lymphocytes (ThGM) was associated with improved overall, but not one-year, survival. No other significant relationship was observed between clinicopathological parameters and the frequency of GM-CSF-producing subsets.ConclusionCollectively, our findings suggest a protective role for GM-CSF in the early stages of BC; however, the unfavorable association of ThGM frequency with survival rate may imply a more complex role for this cytokine in BC.</abstract><cop>Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Nature B.V</pub><doi>10.1684/ecn.2021.0462</doi><tpages>7</tpages></addata></record>
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subjects Bladder cancer
Cancer
CD4 antigen
CD8 antigen
Cell surface
Centrifugation
Cytokines
Flow cytometry
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
Immune system
Immunogenicity
Immunosuppressive agents
Leukocytes (mononuclear)
Lymph nodes
Lymphatic system
Lymphocytes
Patients
title GM-CSF-producing lymphocytes in tumor-draining lymph nodes of patients with bladder cancer
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