Cybersickness in current-generation virtual reality head-mounted displays: systematic review and outlook

Cybersickness (CS) is a term used to refer to symptoms, such as nausea, headache, and dizziness that users experience during or after virtual reality immersion. Initially discovered in flight simulators, commercial virtual reality (VR) head-mounted displays (HMD) of the current generation also seem...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Virtual reality : the journal of the Virtual Reality Society 2021-12, Vol.25 (4), p.1153-1170
Main Authors: Caserman, Polona, Garcia-Agundez, Augusto, Gámez Zerban, Alvar, Göbel, Stefan
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Artificial Intelligence
Biosensors
Computer Graphics
Computer Science
Displays
Flight simulators
Galvanic skin response
Helmet mounted displays
Image Processing and Computer Vision
Movement
Nausea
Original Article
Systematic review
User Interfaces and Human Computer Interaction
Virtual reality
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Summary:Cybersickness (CS) is a term used to refer to symptoms, such as nausea, headache, and dizziness that users experience during or after virtual reality immersion. Initially discovered in flight simulators, commercial virtual reality (VR) head-mounted displays (HMD) of the current generation also seem to cause CS, albeit in a different manner and severity. The goal of this work is to summarize recent literature on CS with modern HMDs, to determine the specificities and profile of immersive VR-caused CS, and to provide an outlook for future research areas. A systematic review was performed on the databases IEEE Xplore, PubMed, ACM, and Scopus from 2013 to 2019 and 49 publications were selected. A summarized text states how different VR HMDs impact CS, how the nature of movement in VR HMDs contributes to CS, and how we can use biosensors to detect CS. The results of the meta-analysis show that although current-generation VR HMDs cause significantly less CS ( p < 0.001 ), some symptoms remain as intense. Further results show that the nature of movement and, in particular, sensory mismatch as well as perceived motion have been the leading cause of CS. We suggest an outlook on future research, including the use of galvanic skin response to evaluate CS in combination with the golden standard (Simulator Sickness Questionnaire, SSQ) as well as an update on the subjective evaluation scores of the SSQ.
ISSN:1359-4338
1434-9957
DOI:10.1007/s10055-021-00513-6