Flexible aqueous Ca-ion full battery with super-flat discharge voltage plateau

Recently, multivalent metal-ion batteries have attracted considerable interests on the merits of their natural abundance and multi-electron redox property. However, the development of Ca-ion battery is still in their preliminary stage because of the lack of suitable electrode material. The Ca-storag...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Nano research 2022, Vol.15 (1), p.701-708
Main Authors: Wang, Panpan, Wang, Hua, Chen, Zhe, Wu, Junwei, Luo, Jingting, Huang, Yan
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Anodes
Atomic/Molecular Structure and Spectra
Batteries
Biomedicine
Biotechnology
Calcium ions
Chemistry and Materials Science
Condensed Matter Physics
Discharge
Electric potential
Electrode materials
Electrodes
Electrolytes
Energy output
Energy storage
Hydrogels
Indium oxides
Materials Science
Metal ions
Metal oxides
Nanotechnology
Photoelectron spectroscopy
Photoelectrons
Potassium
Research Article
Specific capacity
Tin
Transition metal oxides
Transmission electron microscopy
Voltage
X ray photoelectron spectroscopy
X-ray diffraction
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Summary:Recently, multivalent metal-ion batteries have attracted considerable interests on the merits of their natural abundance and multi-electron redox property. However, the development of Ca-ion battery is still in their preliminary stage because of the lack of suitable electrode material. The Ca-storage performance of the existing materials is still unsatisfactory with low capacity, poor cyclic stability, as well as sloping discharge profiles, which cannot provide stable energy output. In this work, transition metal oxide Sn-doped In 2 O 3 (ITO) has been explored as the aqueous Ca-ion battery anode, which could deliver a high discharge capacity of 71.2 mAh·g −1 with an ultra-flat discharge voltage plateau. The Ca storage mechanism was revealed to be reversible conversion reaction based on ex-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterizations. A flexible aqueous Ca-ion battery was subsequently assembled with zinc hexacyanoferrate (ZnHCF) cathode and ITO anode sandwiched by hydrogel electrolyte, which could deliver a high specific capacity of 75.3 mAh·g −1 at 0.4 A·g −1 with a flat output voltage plateau at around 0.8 V. The bendable and flexible Ca-ion battery with decent voltage output will pave the way for the energy storage devices towards practical applications in flexible and wearable electronics.
ISSN:1998-0124
1998-0000
DOI:10.1007/s12274-021-3550-5