Determinants of municipal solid waste: a global analysis by countries’ income level

The generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) is an environmental problem worldwide. A high rate of MSW produces pollution and diseases and affects the economic development of countries. This study analyzes the effect that GDP, population density, urbanization, and tourists’ flow have on the generat...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Environmental science and pollution research international 2021-11, Vol.28 (44), p.62421-62430
Main Authors: Zambrano-Monserrate, Manuel A., Ruano, Maria Alejandra, Ormeño-Candelario, Vanessa
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Aquatic Pollution
Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution
Earth and Environmental Science
Economic analysis
Economic development
Ecotoxicology
Environment
Environmental Chemistry
Environmental Health
Environmental science
Heterogeneity
Income
Municipal solid waste
Municipal waste management
Population density
Public policy
Research Article
Solid waste management
Tourism
Urbanization
Waste Water Technology
Water Management
Water Pollution Control
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Summary:The generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) is an environmental problem worldwide. A high rate of MSW produces pollution and diseases and affects the economic development of countries. This study analyzes the effect that GDP, population density, urbanization, and tourists’ flow have on the generation of MSW in 173 countries worldwide. We grouped countries according to their income levels to control for heterogeneity between regions. The results show that, during 2016, solid waste generation increased along with GDP increments, mainly in high-income countries. We show that the increase in MSW is also due to the rise in population and urbanization. Tourism also has a positive and significant impact on the generation of waste. Our results allow us to recommend some public policy actions.
ISSN:0944-1344
1614-7499
DOI:10.1007/s11356-021-15167-9