The environmental impact of nopal (Opuntia ficus-indica) production in Mexico City, Mexico through a life cycle assessment (LCA)

• Published in: Environment, development and sustainability development and sustainability, 2021-12, Vol.23 (12), p.18068-18095
• Main Authors: Vergel-Rangel, Guillermo Alexis, Escamilla-García, Pablo Emilio, Camarillo-López, Raúl Horacio, Esquivel-Guzmán, Jair Azael, Pérez-Soto, Francisco
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Acidification; Agrochemicals; Ammonium; Carbon dioxide; Climate change; Cultivation; Depletion; Earth and Environmental Science; Ecology; Economic Geology; Economic Growth; Environment; Environmental Economics; Environmental impact; Environmental Management; Fertilization; Fertilizers; Global warming; Life cycle analysis; Life cycle assessment; Life cycles; Minerals; Moisture content; Nitrogen dioxide; Nitrogen oxides; Nitrous oxide; Opuntia ficus-indica; Ozone depletion; Phosphorus; Photochemicals; Soil erosion; Soil water; Sustainable Development; Transportation; Water consumption; Water erosion
• ISSN: 1387-585X; 1573-2975
• DOI: 10.1007/s10668-021-01428-7

Nopal ( Opuntia ficus-indica ) is widely cultivated in Mexico as a food raw material. However, the environmental impact caused by the growth and harvesting life cycle of this feedstock has been poorly studied. In this study, the environmental consequences of the growing, harvesting and transportation processes of nopal were evaluated with the aid of a life cycle assessment (LCA) method using SimaPro software version 8.5.2. The results showed that global warming (83.13%) and ozone depletion (99.25%) were significantly affected by the cultivation process due to current fertilization methods. The number of estimated gasses and chemicals emitted like ammonium (18.88 kgNH 3 /ha/year), nitrogen oxides (35.32 kgNO X –NO 2 /ha/year) and nitrous oxide (28.57 kgN 2 O/ha/year) were believed to be the result of the chemical fertilizers employed. The current cultivation process additionally reported emissions of nitrate (886.48 kgNO 3 /ha/year) and phosphorus (0.041 kg P/ha/year) caused by soil water erosion. The transportation process reported low levels of environmental impact; however, a significant amount of acidification (88.54%), mineral depletion (80.95%) and water consumption (84.06%) resulted from the process utilized to produce nopal in brine. In summary, the entire process resulted in a Global Warming Potential (GWP) of 0.562 kg/CO 2 eq.