Design and Analysis of CubeSat Microwave Radiometer Constellations to Observe Temporal Variability of the Atmosphere

• Published in: IEEE journal of selected topics in applied earth observations and remote sensing 2021, Vol.14, p.11728-11736
• Main Authors: Goncharenko, Yuriy V., Berg, Wesley, Reising, Steven C., Iturbide-Sanchez, Flavio, Chandrasekar, V.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Atmospheric models; Changing environments; Correlation; CubeSat; Cyclones; Earth orbit; Earth orbits; Environment models; Geosynchronous orbits; Hurricanes; Inclination; Low cost; Low earth orbits; Microwave imagery; Microwave radiometers; Microwave radiometry; Microwave sensors; Millimeter waves; Orbits; Passive microwave remote sensing; Radiometers; Regions; Sampling; Satellite broadcasting; Satellite constellations; Satellite observation; Satellites; Sensors; Sky; Spatial resolution; Storms; System effectiveness; Temporal resolution; Temporal variations; Tropical climate; Tropical cyclones
• ISSN: 1939-1404; 2151-1535
• DOI: 10.1109/JSTARS.2021.3128069

Passive microwave satellite observations provide critical information for global forecast models, particularly in cloudy and/or precipitating conditions. The limited temporal sampling provided by current operational polar orbiters cannot capture rapidly changing conditions such as the development of convective storms. This is a significant issue for open-ocean weather systems such as tropical cyclones and hurricanes that can only be effectively monitored from satellites. The recent development and demonstration of miniaturized microwave radiometers on-board low-cost CubeSat satellites has the potential to dramatically improve the temporal and spatial sampling of all-sky microwave observations by deploying a substantial constellation of satellites in low Earth orbit. Two constellations of 60 CubeSats in 550 km orbits are compared to the current operational microwave sensors. One approach employs all polar orbiters, while the other approach uses multiple inclination orbits for increased sampling over convective storm regions. Both approaches reduce average revisit times to approximately 20-30 min globally, and the multi-inclination approach also provides irregular 5-10 min sampling over selected latitudes. Improved global temporal sampling would provide all-sky observations to global forecast models over rapidly changing environments, while millimeter-wave observations over convective storm regions would be valuable for both forecasting and studying the development of convective storms. This article demonstrated that a constellation of low-cost CubeSats with microwave radiometers has the potential to provide equivalent temporal resolution to that observed from sensors on geostationary orbit .