A novel method for the quantitative morphometric characterization of soluble salts on volcanic ash

• Published in: Bulletin of volcanology 2022, Vol.84 (1), Article 3
• Main Authors: Casas, Ana S., Hornby, Adrian, Poetsch, Carina, Cimarelli, Corrado, Dingwell, Donald B.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Aggregation; Aquatic organisms; Atmospheric processes; Cations; Chemical analysis; Crystal growth; Crystals; Drinking water; Earth and Environmental Science; Earth Sciences; Environmental impact; Gases; Geology; Geophysics/Geodesy; Glass; Growth rate; High temperature; Iron; Leachates; Limiting factors; Mineralogy; Morphometry; Nucleation; Obsidian; Research Article; Salts; Sedimentology; Sodium chloride; Sulfates; Temperature; Vegetation; Volcanic ash; Volcanic eruption effects; Volcanic eruptions; Volcanology; Water quality; What pyroclasts can tell us
• ISSN: 0258-8900; 1432-0819
• DOI: 10.1007/s00445-021-01519-3

Formation of soluble sulfate and halide salts on volcanic ash particles via syn-eruptive interactions between ash surfaces and magmatic gases is a ubiquitous phenomenon in explosive eruptions. Surficial salts may be rapidly mobilized into their depositional environment undermining the quality of drinking water, harming aquatic life, and damaging soil and vegetation. Assessment of the potential for salt formation on ash and related environmental impacts have been based almost exclusively on bulk mineralogical or chemical analyses of ash; similarly, quantification of surficial salts has been made via leachate analysis only. However, it is the ash surface state and salt crystal properties that exert the predominant control on its reactivity, thus in determining their immediate environmental impact. Here, using scanning electron microscope (SEM) images, we present a novel image analysis protocol for the quantitative characterization of surficial salts, together with chemical analyses of resulting leachates. As volcanic ash proxies, we used synthetic rhyolitic glass particles (with systematic variations in FeO T and CaO content) and a crushed obsidian. Using an ash-gas reactor, we artificially surface-loaded samples with CaSO 4 and NaCl crystals, the most common crystal phases found on volcanic ash surfaces. Analogous variations were found using both methods: for CaSO 4 crystals, higher temperature treatments or increasing FeO T content at the same temperature led to higher concentrations of salt leachate and higher salt volumes; unexpectedly, increasing the CaO content caused only a minor increase in salt formation. In addition to bulk salt formation, morphometric results provided insight into formation processes, nucleation and growth rates, and limiting factors for salt formation. Higher temperatures increased CaSO 4 crystal size and surface coverage which we infer to result from higher element mobility in the glasses driving crystal growth. Increasing FeO T content of the glasses yielded increased salt surface coverage and leachate concentrations, but decreased crystal size (i.e., the salt number density increased). This latter effect likely relates to the role of iron as an electron-donor to charge balance salt-forming cation migration to the ash surface, indicating the importance of iron in determining surface reaction site density and, consequently, environmental reactivity. The controlling roles of ash composition and temperature on salt formation obser