Characterizing the Protolunar Disk of the Accreting Companion GQ Lupi B

• Published in: The Astronomical journal 2021-12, Vol.162 (6), p.286
• Main Authors: Stolker, Tomas, Haffert, Sebastiaan Y., Kesseli, Aurora Y., van Holstein, Rob G., Aoyama, Yuhiko, Brinchmann, Jarle, Cugno, Gabriele, Girard, Julien H., Marleau, Gabriel-Dominique, Meyer, Michael R., Milli, Julien, Quanz, Sascha P., Snellen, Ignas A. G., Todorov, Kamen O.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Accretion disks; Astronomy; Blackbody; Broadband; Continuum radiation; H alpha line; Integral field spectroscopy; Lunar evolution; Spectra; Spectral energy distribution; Spectroscopy; Stellar evolution; Wavelengths
• ISSN: 0004-6256; 1538-3881
• DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/ac2c7f

GQ Lup B is a young and accreting, substellar companion that appears to drive a spiral arm in the circumstellar disk of its host star. We report high-contrast imaging observations of GQ Lup B with VLT/NACO at 4–5 μ m and medium-resolution integral field spectroscopy with VLT/MUSE. The optical spectrum is consistent with an M9 spectral type, shows characteristics of a low-gravity atmosphere, and exhibits strong H α emission. The H − M ′ color is ≳1 mag redder than field dwarfs with similar spectral types, and a detailed analysis of the spectral energy distribution (SED) from optical to mid-infrared wavelengths reveals excess emission in the L ′, NB4.05, and M ′ bands. The excess flux is well described by a blackbody component with T disk ≈ 460 K and R disk ≈ 65 R J and is expected to trace continuum emission from small grains in a protolunar disk. We derive an extinction of A V ≈ 2.3 mag from the broadband SED with a suspected origin in the vicinity of the companion. We also combine 15 yr of astrometric measurements and constrain the mutual inclination with the circumstellar disk to 84 ± 9 deg, indicating a tumultuous dynamical evolution or a stellar-like formation pathway. From the measured H α flux and the estimated companion mass, M p ≈ 30 M J , we derive an accretion rate of M ̇ ≈ 10 − 6.5 M J yr − 1 . We speculate that the disk is in a transitional stage in which the assembly of satellites from a pebble reservoir has opened a central cavity while GQ Lup B is in the final stages of its formation.