A validated method for the analysis and profiling of 'nyaope' using gas chromatography - mass spectrometry

• Published in: South African Journal of Science 2021-11, Vol.117 (11-12), p.73-81
• Main Authors: Mthembi, Pabalala M, Mwenesongole, Ellen M, Cole, Michael D
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Alcohol; Caffeine; Cannabis; Chromatography; Cluster analysis; Clustering; Criminal law; Detection limits; Drug abuse; Drug addiction; Drug withdrawal; Efavirenz; Forensic sciences; Gas chromatography; GC-MS; Heroin; Law enforcement; Marijuana; Mass spectrometry; Mass spectroscopy; Narcotics; Nevirapine; Nyaope; Principal components analysis; Public health; Quantitation; sample comparison; Scientific imaging; Side effects; Spectroscopy; Tetrahydrocannabinol; THC; Tuberculosis; Withdrawal
• ISSN: 0038-2353; 1996-7489
• DOI: 10.17159/sajs.2021/8738

Nyaope, a Tswana word for a mixture or 'mish-mash', describes a drug cocktail consisting of heroin, cannabis, and on occasion other controlled substances and warfarin. It is highly addictive with extremely unpleasant side effects caused by withdrawal from the drug. It is a problem drug especially in townships in South Africa. However, its prevalence in neighbouring southern African states and fur ther afield is not yet known. There is currently no validated method for the analysis and comparison of nyaope. We describe a validated method for the gas chromatography - mass spectrometry analysis of nyaope so that within-batch and between-batch comparisons of nyaope can successfully be made for the first time. The validated method managed an accuracy within the range 80-120%, the precision was less than 20% for all analytes and managed linearity with R2≥0.99. The detection limits for diamorphine, efavirenz, nevirapine and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol were 14.2, 18.6, 18.7 and 9.94 pg on column, respectively, and the limits of quantitation were 43.1, 56.3, 56.6 and 30.1 pg on column, respectively. The simulated and casework samples were successfully discriminated into original batches using the identified nyaope components, the unsupervised chemometric methods principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering, as well as chromatographic profiles. Significance: • A validated method for the analysis and comparison of nyaope allows for data exchange between law enforcement agencies in South Africa and, provided the appropriate quality control measures are in place, between South Africa, neighbouring states and countries further afield. Additionally, public health measures can be put in place now that it is possible to use a validated method to determine the contents of nyaope.