Centre of mass location, flight modes, stability and dynamic modelling of gliders

Falling paper flutters and tumbles through air, whereas a paper airplane glides smoothly if its leading edge is appropriately weighted. We investigate this transformation from ‘plain paper’ to ‘paper plane’ through experiments, aerodynamic modelling and free flight simulations of thin plates with di...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of fluid mechanics 2022-04, Vol.937, Article A6
Main Authors: Li, Huilin, Goodwill, Tristan, Jane Wang, Z., Ristroph, Leif
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Aerodynamics
Aircraft
Angle of attack
Coefficients
Dynamic models
Dynamic stability
Experiments
Feedback control
Flight
Flight simulation
Flow separation
Fluid mechanics
Flutter
Free flight
Gliding
JFM Papers
Modelling
Modes
Pressure effects
Thin plates
Torque
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Summary:Falling paper flutters and tumbles through air, whereas a paper airplane glides smoothly if its leading edge is appropriately weighted. We investigate this transformation from ‘plain paper’ to ‘paper plane’ through experiments, aerodynamic modelling and free flight simulations of thin plates with differing centre of mass (CoM) locations. Periodic modes such as fluttering, tumbling and bounding give way to steady gliding and then downward diving as the CoM is increasingly displaced towards one edge. To explain these observations, we formulate a quasi-steady aerodynamic model whose force and torque coefficients are informed by experimental measurements. The dependencies on angle of attack reflect the transition from attached to separated flow and a dynamic centre of pressure, effects that prove critical to reproducing the observed motions of paper planes in air and plates in water. Because the model successfully accounts for unsteady and steady flight modes, it may be usefully applied to further problems involving actuated motions, feedback control and interactions with ambient flows.
ISSN:0022-1120
1469-7645
DOI:10.1017/jfm.2022.89