Analysis of Lanthanum and Cobalt Leaching Aimed at Effective Recycling Strategies of Solid Oxide Cells

Lanthanum and cobalt are Critical Raw Materials and components of Solid Oxide Cells—SOCs electrodes. This review analyses lanthanum and cobalt leaching from waste materials (e-waste, batteries, spent catalysts), aiming to provide a starting point for SOC recycling, not yet investigated. The literatu...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Sustainability 2022-03, Vol.14 (6), p.3335
Main Authors: Benedetto Mas, Alice, Fiore, Silvia, Fiorilli, Sonia, Smeacetto, Federico, Santarelli, Massimo, Schiavi, Ilaria
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Batteries
Catalysts
Catalytic cracking
Classification
Cobalt
Efficiency
Electrodes
Electrolytes
Electronic waste
Fuel cells
Green chemistry
Hydrometallurgy
Inorganic acids
Lanthanum
Leaching
Metals
Organic acids
Principles
Raw materials
Solvent extraction processes
Value engineering
Waste materials
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Summary:Lanthanum and cobalt are Critical Raw Materials and components of Solid Oxide Cells—SOCs electrodes. This review analyses lanthanum and cobalt leaching from waste materials (e-waste, batteries, spent catalysts), aiming to provide a starting point for SOC recycling, not yet investigated. The literature was surveyed with a specific interest for leaching, the first phase of hydrometallurgy recycling. Most references (86%) were published after 2012, with an interest higher (85%) for cobalt. Inorganic acids were the prevailing (>80%) leaching agents, particularly for lanthanum, while leaching processes using organic acids mostly involved cobalt. The experimental conditions adopted more diluted organic acids (median 0.55 M for lanthanum and 1.4 M for cobalt) compared to inorganic acids (median value 2 M for both metals). Organic acids required a higher solid to liquid ratio (200 g/L), compared to inorganic ones (100 g/L) to solubilize lanthanum, while the opposite happened for cobalt (20 vs. 50 g/L). The process temperature didn’t change considerably with the solvent (45–75 °C for lanthanum, and 75–88 °C for cobalt). The contact time was higher for lanthanum than for cobalt (median 3–4 h vs. 75–85 min). Specific recycling processes are crucial to support SOCs value chain in Europe, and this review can help define the existing challenges and future perspectives.
ISSN:2071-1050
2071-1050
DOI:10.3390/su14063335