Numerical and experimental characterisation of high energy density 21700 lithium-ion battery fires

• Published in: Process safety and environmental protection 2022-04, Vol.160, p.153-165
• Main Authors: Vendra, Chandra M.R., Shelke, Ashish V., Buston, Jonathan E.H., Gill, Jason, Howard, Daniel, Read, Elliott, Abaza, Ahmed, Cooper, Brian, Wen, Jennifer X.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 21700 Lithium-ion battery; Batteries; Boundary conditions; Calorimetry; Cell internal pressure and temperature evolution, Venting of flammable gases; Cell surface; Computational fluid dynamics; Computational Fluid dynamics (CFD); Computer applications; Design optimization; Electric vehicles; Environmental hazards; Evolution; Fire hazards; Fire simulation; Fires; Fluid dynamics; Flux density; Hazard assessment; Hazard mitigation; Heat; Heat measurement; Heat release rate; Heat transfer; Hydrodynamics; Internal pressure; Lithium; Lithium-ion batteries; Mathematical models; Mitigation; Rechargeable batteries; Safety; State of charge; Surface temperature; Temperature; Thermal runaway
• ISSN: 0957-5820; 1744-3598
• DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2022.02.014

High energy density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are well suited for electrical vehicle applications to facilitate extended driving range. However, the associated fire hazards are of concern. Insight is required to aid the development of protective and mitigation measures. The present study is focused on 4.8 Ah 21700 cylindrical LiNixCoyMnzO (NMC) LIBs at 100% state of charge (SOC) with the aim to develop a viable predictive tool for simulating LIB fires, quantifying the heat release rate and temperature evolution during LIB thermal runaway (TR). To aid the model development and provide input parameters, thermal abuse tests were conducted in extended volume accelerating rate calorimetry (EV-ARC) and cone calorimetry. Some cells were instrumented with inserted temperature probe to facilitate in-situ measurements of both cell internal and surface temperatures. The mean peak values of the heat release rate, cell surface and internal temperatures were experimentally found to be 3.6 kW, 753 °C and 1080 °C, respectively. An analytical model has been developed to predict cell LIB internal pressure evolution following vent opening. The model uses the measured cell internal temperature and EV-ARC canister pressure as input data. Its predictions serve as boundary condition in the three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of TR induced fire using opensource code OpenFOAM. The predicted transient heat release rate compare favourably with the measurements in the cone calorimetry tests. Predictions have also been conducted for an open cluster to assess the likelihood of TR propagation in the absence of cell side rupture. The present modelling approach can serve as a useful tool to assess the thermal and environment hazards of TR induced fires and aid design optimisation of mitigation measures in enclosed cell clusters/modules.