Life cycle analysis and sustainability comparison of reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography and carbon dioxide-containing chromatography of small molecule pharmaceuticals

The greenness of a chromatographic separation is typically determined by examining the solvent selection and the quantity of solvent used. Carbon dioxide is often touted as a green alternative to organic solvents typically used in chromatography. However, this claim does not consider the additional...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Green chemistry : an international journal and green chemistry resource : GC 2022-06, Vol.24 (11), p.4516-4532
Main Authors: Fitch, Brian N, Gray, Rebekah, Beres, Martin, Hicks, Michael B, Farrell, William, Aurigemma, Christine, Olesik, Susan V
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Carbon dioxide
Chromatography
Emissions
Energy consumption
Energy requirements
Energy sources
Flow velocity
Green chemistry
High performance liquid chromatography
Instrumentation
Life cycle analysis
Life cycle assessment
Life cycles
Liquid chromatography
Low flow
Mathematical analysis
Organic solvents
Separation
Solvents
Supercritical fluids
Sustainability
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Summary:The greenness of a chromatographic separation is typically determined by examining the solvent selection and the quantity of solvent used. Carbon dioxide is often touted as a green alternative to organic solvents typically used in chromatography. However, this claim does not consider the additional instrumentation and energy requirements needed for its use in supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) compared to alternative methods such as reversed phase (RP) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This work demonstrates the importance of considering not just the solvent usage but also the instrumental energy consumption especially at the analytical scale where it can account for the majority of the emissions of the system. Two methods that use a more holistic characterization of greenness are life cycle analysis (LCA) and the analytical method greenness score (AMGS). The AMGS calculator is a relatively new method of determining greenness so the result from the AMGS calculator is benchmarked to the LCA results. The greenness of both chromatographic systems are compared at both the analytical and preparative scale for the separation of small molecule drug molecules. In general, SFC separations at low flow rates (
ISSN:1463-9262
1463-9270
DOI:10.1039/d1gc03750a