Regional Energy and Water Budget of a Precipitating Atmosphere over Ocean

• Published in: Journal of climate 2021-06, Vol.34 (11), p.4189-4205
• Main Authors: Kato, Seiji, Loeb, Norman G., Fasullo, John T., Trenberth, Kevin E., Lauritzen, Peter H., Rose, Fred G., Rutan, David A., Satoh, Masaki
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Atmosphere; Climate change; Cloud particles; Condensates; Diabatic heating; Dry air; Energy; Energy budget; Enthalpy; Heat; Heating; Heating rate; Hydrometeors; Ice clouds; Mass balance; Mass transport; Ocean warming; Oceans; Phase changes; Precipitation; Radiation; Rain; Snow; Temperature; Velocity; Water budget; Water mass transport; Water masses; Water resources; Water vapor; Water vapour
• ISSN: 0894-8755; 1520-0442
• DOI: 10.1175/jcli-d-20-0175.1

Effects of water mass imbalance and hydrometeor transport on the enthalpy flux and water phase on diabatic heating rate in computing the regional energy and water budget of the atmosphere over ocean are investigated. Equations of energy and water budget of the atmospheric column that explicitly consider the velocity of liquid and ice cloud particles, and rain and snow are formulated by separating water variables from dry air. Differences of energy budget equations formulated in this study from those used in earlier studies are that 1) diabatic heating rate depends on water phase, 2) diabatic heating due to net condensation of nonprecipitating hydrometeors is included, and 3) hydrometeors can be advected with a different velocity from the dry-air velocity. Convergence of water vapor associated with phase change and horizontal transport of hydrometeors is to increase diabatic heating in the atmospheric column where hydrometeors are formed and exported and to reduce energy where hydrometeors are imported and evaporated. The process can improve the regional energy and water mass balance when energy data products are integrated. Effects of enthalpy transport associated with water mass transport through the surface are cooling to the atmosphere and warming to the ocean when the enthalpy is averaged over the global ocean. There is no net effect to the atmosphere and ocean columns combined. While precipitation phase changes the regional diabatic heating rate up to 15 W m⁻², the dependence of the global mean value on the temperature threshold of melting snow to form rain is less than 1 W m⁻².