Contents of Metal(loid)s in a Traditional Ethiopian Flat Bread (Injera), Dietary Intake, and Health Risk Assessment in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

The traditional Ethiopian flat bread, injera, is a regular component of daily diets in Ethiopia and Eritrea. This bread is also popular among urban refugees particularly Eritreans in Addis Ababa. The levels of metal(loid)s in 40 composite (120 sub-samples) injera samples, representing 4 types of mar...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Biological trace element research 2020-12, Vol.198 (2), p.732-743
Main Authors: Woldetsadik, Desta, Llorent-Martínez, Eulogio J., Ortega-Barrales, Pilar, Haile, Abinet, Hailu, Hillette, Madani, Nelly, Warner, Noah S., Fleming, David E. B.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Aluminum
Biochemistry
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Biotechnology
Bread
Carcinogens
Chromium
Daily
Diet
Dietary intake
Flour
Fluorescence
Food
Food intake
Health risk assessment
Health risks
Heavy metals
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Iron
Life Sciences
Manganese
Mass spectrometry
Mass spectroscopy
Metals
Nutrition
Oncology
Quotients
Refugees
Risk assessment
Spices
X-ray fluorescence
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Summary:The traditional Ethiopian flat bread, injera, is a regular component of daily diets in Ethiopia and Eritrea. This bread is also popular among urban refugees particularly Eritreans in Addis Ababa. The levels of metal(loid)s in 40 composite (120 sub-samples) injera samples, representing 4 types of market establishments in Addis Ababa, were determined using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF). For ICP-MS analysis, the accuracy of the method was evaluated by the analysis of a certified reference material and recovery experiments. It was found that the correlations between the mean levels of Al and Fe and between Al and Mn in injera were highly significant ( p  
ISSN:0163-4984
1559-0720
DOI:10.1007/s12011-020-02099-7