Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy for hydrogen detection in molybdenum at atmospheric pressure mixtures of argon and nitrogen

• Published in: Fusion engineering and design 2022-06, Vol.179, p.113131, Article 113131
• Main Authors: Jõgi, Indrek, Ristkok, Jasper, Raud, Jüri, Butikova, Jelena, Mizohata, Kenichiro, Paris, Peeter
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Ablation; Argon; Atmospheric pressure; Electron density; Electron energy; Emission analysis; Emission spectra; Energy consumption; Energy of dissociation; H alpha line; Hydrogen; Hydrogen atoms; Hydrogen isotope determination; Hydrogen isotopes; ITER relevant coatings; Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy; Local thermodynamic equilibrium; Mixtures; Molecular gases; Molybdenum; Nitrogen; Plasma; Spectrum analysis; Stability criteria
• ISSN: 0920-3796; 1873-7196
• DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2022.113131

•LIBS is tested for hydrogen isotope analysis in atmospheric pressure Ar-N2 mixtures.•LIBS signal is lower in N2 at conditions allowing to distinguish hydrogen isotopes.•Small amount of N2 is not detrimental for hydrogen isotope measurements by LIBS. Present study investigated the effect of argon and nitrogen mixtures at atmospheric pressure on the hydrogen Hα line emission intensity during the Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) measurements. LIBS is foreseen for the assessment of the fuel retention in ITER plasma facing components during the maintenance breaks when the reactor is filled with near atmospheric pressure nitrogen or dry air. The use of argon flow during LIBS measurements has shown to increase the LIBS signal at atmospheric conditions which aids the distinguishing of hydrogen isotopes. LIBS was used to ablate a small amount of molybdenum (Mo) target and the development of formed plasma plume was investigated by time-resolved emission spectra and photographs. Spectral measurements showed that the Hα line intensity and electron density decreased faster with the increased fraction of nitrogen in the background atmosphere. The electron temperature of created plasma was also lower in the nitrogen atmosphere. The spatial development of plasma plume was comparable in both argon and nitrogen atmospheres. According to these results, the reduction of Hα line intensity in the presence of nitrogen can be explained by higher fraction of energy consumption in dissociation and excitation processes of molecular gas and increased quenching of excited H states. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that a small amount of N2 impurities in Ar atmosphere does not have detrimental effect on LIBS measurements of hydrogen isotopes. Most of the local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) conditions required for the applicability of CF-LIBS were fulfilled in the time-window between 1-5 µs for Ar and 1-3 µs for N2 gas. One notable exception was the time-stability criterion for hydrogen atoms. The effect of this deviation from LTE on the applicability of CF-LIBS requires further studies.