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Opacity of the Highly Ionized Lanthanides and the Effect on the Early Kilonova
We investigate the effect of the presence of lanthanides ( Z = 57–71) on the kilonova at t ∼ 1 hr after the neutron star merger for the first time. For this purpose, we calculate the atomic structures and the opacities for selected lanthanides: Nd ( Z = 60), Sm ( Z = 62), and Eu ( Z = 63). We consid...
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| Published in: | The Astrophysical journal 2022-08, Vol.934 (2), p.117 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| cites | cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c446t-1a78ecb623e623685808353810582dfd61f01ce7ee03f8ba25bc82b3fe6cc5933 |
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| container_issue | 2 |
| container_start_page | 117 |
| container_title | The Astrophysical journal |
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| creator | Banerjee, Smaranika Tanaka, Masaomi Kato, Daiji Gaigalas, Gediminas Kawaguchi, Kyohei Domoto, Nanae |
| description | We investigate the effect of the presence of lanthanides (
Z
= 57–71) on the kilonova at
t
∼ 1 hr after the neutron star merger for the first time. For this purpose, we calculate the atomic structures and the opacities for selected lanthanides: Nd (
Z
= 60), Sm (
Z
= 62), and Eu (
Z
= 63). We consider the ionization degree up to 10th (XI), applicable for the ejecta at
t
∼ a few hours after the merger, when the temperature is
T
∼ 10
5
K. We find that the opacities for the highly ionized lanthanides are exceptionally high, reaching
κ
exp
∼
1000
cm
2
g
−
1
for Eu, due to the highly dense energy levels. Using the new opacity, we perform radiative transfer simulations to show that the early light curves become fainter by a (maximum) factor of four, in comparison to lanthanide-free ejecta at
t
∼ 0.1 days. However, the period at which the light curves are affected is relatively brief owing to the rapid time evolution of the opacity in the outermost layer of the ejecta. We predict that for a source at a distance of ∼100 Mpc, UV brightness for lanthanide-rich ejecta shows a drop to ∼21–22 mag at
t
∼ 0.1 days and the UV peaks around
t
∼ 0.2 days with a magnitude of ∼19 mag. Future detection of such a kilonova by an existing UV satellite like Swift or the upcoming UV satellite ULTRASAT will provide useful constraints on the abundance in the outer ejecta and the corresponding nucleosynthesis conditions in the neutron star mergers. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3847/1538-4357/ac7565 |
| format | article |
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Z
= 57–71) on the kilonova at
t
∼ 1 hr after the neutron star merger for the first time. For this purpose, we calculate the atomic structures and the opacities for selected lanthanides: Nd (
Z
= 60), Sm (
Z
= 62), and Eu (
Z
= 63). We consider the ionization degree up to 10th (XI), applicable for the ejecta at
t
∼ a few hours after the merger, when the temperature is
T
∼ 10
5
K. We find that the opacities for the highly ionized lanthanides are exceptionally high, reaching
κ
exp
∼
1000
cm
2
g
−
1
for Eu, due to the highly dense energy levels. Using the new opacity, we perform radiative transfer simulations to show that the early light curves become fainter by a (maximum) factor of four, in comparison to lanthanide-free ejecta at
t
∼ 0.1 days. However, the period at which the light curves are affected is relatively brief owing to the rapid time evolution of the opacity in the outermost layer of the ejecta. We predict that for a source at a distance of ∼100 Mpc, UV brightness for lanthanide-rich ejecta shows a drop to ∼21–22 mag at
t
∼ 0.1 days and the UV peaks around
t
∼ 0.2 days with a magnitude of ∼19 mag. Future detection of such a kilonova by an existing UV satellite like Swift or the upcoming UV satellite ULTRASAT will provide useful constraints on the abundance in the outer ejecta and the corresponding nucleosynthesis conditions in the neutron star mergers.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0004-637X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1538-4357</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac7565</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Philadelphia: The American Astronomical Society</publisher><subject>Astrophysics ; Ejecta ; Energy levels ; Gravitational waves ; Ionization ; Kilonovae ; Lanthanides ; Light curve ; Neutron stars ; Nuclear fusion ; Nucleosynthesis ; Opacity ; R-process ; Radiative transfer ; Samarium ; Star mergers ; Stellar atmospheric opacity</subject><ispartof>The Astrophysical journal, 2022-08, Vol.934 (2), p.117</ispartof><rights>2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.</rights><rights>2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c446t-1a78ecb623e623685808353810582dfd61f01ce7ee03f8ba25bc82b3fe6cc5933</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c446t-1a78ecb623e623685808353810582dfd61f01ce7ee03f8ba25bc82b3fe6cc5933</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-0039-1163 ; 0000-0001-6595-2238 ; 0000-0001-8253-6850 ; 0000-0002-5302-073X ; 0000-0003-4443-6984 ; 0000-0002-7415-7954</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Banerjee, Smaranika</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tanaka, Masaomi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kato, Daiji</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gaigalas, Gediminas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kawaguchi, Kyohei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Domoto, Nanae</creatorcontrib><title>Opacity of the Highly Ionized Lanthanides and the Effect on the Early Kilonova</title><title>The Astrophysical journal</title><addtitle>APJ</addtitle><addtitle>Astrophys. J</addtitle><description>We investigate the effect of the presence of lanthanides (
Z
= 57–71) on the kilonova at
t
∼ 1 hr after the neutron star merger for the first time. For this purpose, we calculate the atomic structures and the opacities for selected lanthanides: Nd (
Z
= 60), Sm (
Z
= 62), and Eu (
Z
= 63). We consider the ionization degree up to 10th (XI), applicable for the ejecta at
t
∼ a few hours after the merger, when the temperature is
T
∼ 10
5
K. We find that the opacities for the highly ionized lanthanides are exceptionally high, reaching
κ
exp
∼
1000
cm
2
g
−
1
for Eu, due to the highly dense energy levels. Using the new opacity, we perform radiative transfer simulations to show that the early light curves become fainter by a (maximum) factor of four, in comparison to lanthanide-free ejecta at
t
∼ 0.1 days. However, the period at which the light curves are affected is relatively brief owing to the rapid time evolution of the opacity in the outermost layer of the ejecta. We predict that for a source at a distance of ∼100 Mpc, UV brightness for lanthanide-rich ejecta shows a drop to ∼21–22 mag at
t
∼ 0.1 days and the UV peaks around
t
∼ 0.2 days with a magnitude of ∼19 mag. Future detection of such a kilonova by an existing UV satellite like Swift or the upcoming UV satellite ULTRASAT will provide useful constraints on the abundance in the outer ejecta and the corresponding nucleosynthesis conditions in the neutron star mergers.</description><subject>Astrophysics</subject><subject>Ejecta</subject><subject>Energy levels</subject><subject>Gravitational waves</subject><subject>Ionization</subject><subject>Kilonovae</subject><subject>Lanthanides</subject><subject>Light curve</subject><subject>Neutron stars</subject><subject>Nuclear fusion</subject><subject>Nucleosynthesis</subject><subject>Opacity</subject><subject>R-process</subject><subject>Radiative transfer</subject><subject>Samarium</subject><subject>Star mergers</subject><subject>Stellar atmospheric opacity</subject><issn>0004-637X</issn><issn>1538-4357</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp9kM1LAzEQxYMoWKt3jwHx5tp8bD72KKXaYrEXBW8hm01sSk3WzVaof727ruhFPAzDDL_3ZngAnGN0TWUuJphRmeWUiYk2gnF2AEY_q0MwQgjlGafi-RicpLTpR1IUI_CwqrXx7R5GB9u1hXP_st7u4SIG_2EruNShXevgK5ugDtUXMnPOmhbGMEy66fh7v40hvutTcOT0Ntmz7z4GT7ezx-k8W67uFtObZWbynLcZ1kJaU3JCbVdcMokk7b7FiElSuYpjh7CxwlpEnSw1YaWRpKTOcmNYQekYXAy-dRPfdja1ahN3TehOKsILzhChCHcUGijTxJQa61Td-Ffd7BVGqk9N9RGpPiI1pNZJrgaJj_Wv5z_45R-4rjeqoLkiCmOh6srRT45DeOo</recordid><startdate>20220801</startdate><enddate>20220801</enddate><creator>Banerjee, Smaranika</creator><creator>Tanaka, Masaomi</creator><creator>Kato, Daiji</creator><creator>Gaigalas, Gediminas</creator><creator>Kawaguchi, Kyohei</creator><creator>Domoto, Nanae</creator><general>The American Astronomical Society</general><general>IOP Publishing</general><scope>O3W</scope><scope>TSCCA</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>H8D</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L7M</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0039-1163</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6595-2238</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8253-6850</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5302-073X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4443-6984</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7415-7954</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20220801</creationdate><title>Opacity of the Highly Ionized Lanthanides and the Effect on the Early Kilonova</title><author>Banerjee, Smaranika ; Tanaka, Masaomi ; Kato, Daiji ; Gaigalas, Gediminas ; Kawaguchi, Kyohei ; Domoto, Nanae</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c446t-1a78ecb623e623685808353810582dfd61f01ce7ee03f8ba25bc82b3fe6cc5933</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2022</creationdate><topic>Astrophysics</topic><topic>Ejecta</topic><topic>Energy levels</topic><topic>Gravitational waves</topic><topic>Ionization</topic><topic>Kilonovae</topic><topic>Lanthanides</topic><topic>Light curve</topic><topic>Neutron stars</topic><topic>Nuclear fusion</topic><topic>Nucleosynthesis</topic><topic>Opacity</topic><topic>R-process</topic><topic>Radiative transfer</topic><topic>Samarium</topic><topic>Star mergers</topic><topic>Stellar atmospheric opacity</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Banerjee, Smaranika</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tanaka, Masaomi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kato, Daiji</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gaigalas, Gediminas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kawaguchi, Kyohei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Domoto, Nanae</creatorcontrib><collection>Open Access: IOP Publishing Free Content</collection><collection>IOPscience (Open Access)</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Aerospace Database</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><jtitle>The Astrophysical journal</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Banerjee, Smaranika</au><au>Tanaka, Masaomi</au><au>Kato, Daiji</au><au>Gaigalas, Gediminas</au><au>Kawaguchi, Kyohei</au><au>Domoto, Nanae</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Opacity of the Highly Ionized Lanthanides and the Effect on the Early Kilonova</atitle><jtitle>The Astrophysical journal</jtitle><stitle>APJ</stitle><addtitle>Astrophys. J</addtitle><date>2022-08-01</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>934</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>117</spage><pages>117-</pages><issn>0004-637X</issn><eissn>1538-4357</eissn><abstract>We investigate the effect of the presence of lanthanides (
Z
= 57–71) on the kilonova at
t
∼ 1 hr after the neutron star merger for the first time. For this purpose, we calculate the atomic structures and the opacities for selected lanthanides: Nd (
Z
= 60), Sm (
Z
= 62), and Eu (
Z
= 63). We consider the ionization degree up to 10th (XI), applicable for the ejecta at
t
∼ a few hours after the merger, when the temperature is
T
∼ 10
5
K. We find that the opacities for the highly ionized lanthanides are exceptionally high, reaching
κ
exp
∼
1000
cm
2
g
−
1
for Eu, due to the highly dense energy levels. Using the new opacity, we perform radiative transfer simulations to show that the early light curves become fainter by a (maximum) factor of four, in comparison to lanthanide-free ejecta at
t
∼ 0.1 days. However, the period at which the light curves are affected is relatively brief owing to the rapid time evolution of the opacity in the outermost layer of the ejecta. We predict that for a source at a distance of ∼100 Mpc, UV brightness for lanthanide-rich ejecta shows a drop to ∼21–22 mag at
t
∼ 0.1 days and the UV peaks around
t
∼ 0.2 days with a magnitude of ∼19 mag. Future detection of such a kilonova by an existing UV satellite like Swift or the upcoming UV satellite ULTRASAT will provide useful constraints on the abundance in the outer ejecta and the corresponding nucleosynthesis conditions in the neutron star mergers.</abstract><cop>Philadelphia</cop><pub>The American Astronomical Society</pub><doi>10.3847/1538-4357/ac7565</doi><tpages>13</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0039-1163</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6595-2238</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8253-6850</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5302-073X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4443-6984</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7415-7954</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0004-637X |
| ispartof | The Astrophysical journal, 2022-08, Vol.934 (2), p.117 |
| issn | 0004-637X 1538-4357 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_journals_2696502301 |
| source | EZB Electronic Journals Library |
| subjects | Astrophysics Ejecta Energy levels Gravitational waves Ionization Kilonovae Lanthanides Light curve Neutron stars Nuclear fusion Nucleosynthesis Opacity R-process Radiative transfer Samarium Star mergers Stellar atmospheric opacity |
| title | Opacity of the Highly Ionized Lanthanides and the Effect on the Early Kilonova |
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