Phase Equilibria in the Ti-Rich Part of the Ti-Al-Nb System—Part I: Low-Temperature Phase Equilibria Between 700 and 900 °C

• Published in: Journal of phase equilibria and diffusion 2022-06, Vol.43 (3), p.355-381
• Main Authors: Distl, B., Hauschildt, K., Rashkova, B., Pyczak, F., Stein, F.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Aluminum; Ceramics; Composites; Composition; Crystal structure; Crystallography and Scattering Methods; Differential thermal analysis; Diffusion; Electron microscopy; Electron probe microanalysis; Engineering Thermodynamics; Equilibrium; Glass; Heat and Mass Transfer; Homogeneity; Industrial applications; Intermetallic phases; Low temperature; Metallic Materials; Microscopy; Natural Materials; Niobium; Oxidation; Phase equilibria; Phase transitions; Physics; Physics and Astronomy; Ternary alloys; Ternary systems; Thermodynamics; Titanium base alloys; Turbines; X-ray diffraction
• ISSN: 1547-7037; 1863-7345; 1934-7243
• DOI: 10.1007/s11669-022-00963-8

Precise knowledge of the phase equilibria in the Ti-Al-Nb system between 700 and 900 °C is of crucial importance for the urgently needed improvement of TiAl-based turbine materials already in industrial use to achieve further energy savings. As a result of the occurrence of the two ternary intermetallic phases ω o (“Ti 4 NbAl 3 ”) and O (“Ti 2 NbAl”), which form in the solid state just in the range of the application-relevant temperatures, the phase relations are very complex and not well studied. In the present investigation, isothermal sections of the Ti-rich part of the Ti-Al-Nb system at 700, 800, and 900 °C were determined by a systematic study of 15 ternary alloys, one solid-solid diffusion couple, and three liquid-solid diffusion couples. Using scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), x-ray diffraction (XRD), high-energy XRD (HEXRD), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigations, type and composition of phases as well as phase transitions were determined. With these results, the phase equilibria were established. A focus of the investigations is on the homogeneity ranges of the two ternary phases ω o and O, which both are stable up to temperatures above 900 °C. Based on the compositions measured for the ω o phase and its crystal structure type, a new formula (Ti,Nb) 2 Al is suggested. The results also indicate that the phase field of the ω o phase is split into two parts at 900 °C because of the growing phase field of the ordered (βTi,Nb) o phase.