Robust Under-Frequency Load Shedding With Electric Vehicles Under Wind Power and Commute Uncertainties

Under-frequency load shedding (UFLS) is an important measure for tackling low-frequency events caused by load-generation imbalance. However, the uncertainty of wind power amplifies power imbalances and can potentially impair frequency stability. Electric vehicles (EVs) present a more effective means...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:IEEE transactions on smart grid 2022-09, Vol.13 (5), p.3676-3687
Main Authors: Liu, Hui, Pan, Houlin, Wang, Ni, Yousaf, Muhammad Zain, Goh, Hui Hwang, Rahman, Saifur
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Confidence intervals
Electric vehicle
Electric vehicle charging
Electric vehicles
Estimation
Frequency stability
Load shedding
Optimization
Power system stability
Randomness
Renewable energy sources
robust optimization
Uncertainty
uncertainty estimation
under-frequency load shedding
Wind power
Wind power generation
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Summary:Under-frequency load shedding (UFLS) is an important measure for tackling low-frequency events caused by load-generation imbalance. However, the uncertainty of wind power amplifies power imbalances and can potentially impair frequency stability. Electric vehicles (EVs) present a more effective means for addressing this issue compared to load shedding. However, EVs have several limitations such as commute randomness. To ensure frequency stability and simultaneously reduce load shedding, a bi-level confidence-interval-based optimal strategy is proposed to enable the participation of EVs in UFLS, where the uncertainties of wind power and the commute randomness of EVs are estimated using a non-parametric kernel density estimation (KDE) method. In bi-level optimization, the upper level reduces the dependency on commute randomness and the wind power uncertainty during load-shedding events. Further, the upper-level solutions are sent to EV charging stations for emergency dispatch. By contrast, at the lower level, an approximation-function-based priority is proposed to optimize the task allocation. Simulation results show the advantages of the proposed approach in maintaining a stable frequency compared with traditional and adaptive UFLS schemes.
ISSN:1949-3053
1949-3061
DOI:10.1109/TSG.2022.3172726